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Physical Landscapes in the Uk - Coggle Diagram
Physical Landscapes in the Uk
Coastal Landscapes
Coastal Weathering, Mass Movement & Erosion (ASHA) (p38)
Mechanical weathering is the breackdown of rock without changing its chemical composition.- Freezethaw weathering is the main type
Chemical wathering is the breackdown of rock by changing its chemical composition -- Carbonation weathering is a type of weathering when its warm and wet
Mass movement is when materials fall down a slope------------- SLIDES - Material shifts in a straight line----------------------------- SLUMPS - Material shifts with a roattion-----------------------------ROCKFALLS - Material breaks up and falls down the slope
Waves wear away the coast using processes of erosion HYDRAULIC POWER - Waves crash against Rocks and compress air in gap , Pressure builds up and splits rock-ABRASION- eroded particles scrape and rub against rocks removing small pieces of the greater rock -------------------------ATTRITION - Eroded particles smahsh into each otherand break into smaller rocks
Coastal Landforms caused by Erosion: Wave-cut Platforms, Headland & Bays, Cave, arch, stack & stump (p39)
Wave cut platfporms are made when the cliff is eroded and the material collapses from above the wave cut notch , as the cliff retreats the wave cut platforms is made
Headlands and bays are formed where erosion resisitance is different Soft rocks are eroded quicker than the harder rock and when the soft rock isn top of the hard rock the beach moves back
CRACKS - Hydraulic Power and Abrasion
CAVE -- Repetition
ARCH - top heavy collapses
STACK Formed
Coastal Transportation (TSSS), Longshore Drift & Deposition (p40)
Waves follow the direction of the prevailing wind.
The swash carries material up the beach, in the same direction as the waves
Backwash then carries material down the beach at right angles, back towards the sea.
Longshore Drift
Transportation
Deposition
Traction
– large particles like boulders are pushed along the sea bed by the force of the water.
Saltation
- pebble-sized particles are bounced along the sea bed by the force of the water.
Suspension
- small particles like silt and clay are carried along in the water.
Solution
- soluble materials dissolved in the water are carried along
Deposition is when material being carried by the seawater is dropped on the coast. It occurs when water carrying sediment slows down so that it isn't moving fast enough to carry so much sediment.
Coastal Landforms formed by Deposition: Beaches, Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes (p41)
Beaches are found on coasts between the high water mark and the low water mark They're formed by constructive waves depositing material like sand and shingle.
Spits form at sharp bends in the coastline, e.g. at a river mouth. Longshore drift transports sand and shingle past the bend and deposits it in the sea. Strong winds and waves can curve the end of the spit (forming a recurved end).
A bar is formed when a spit joins two headlands together. The bar cuts off the bay between the headlands from the sea. This means a lagoon can form behind the bar.
Sand dunes are formed when sand deposited by longshore drift is moved up the beach by the wind.
Coasts on Maps (42)
Spits are shown by a beach that carries on out to sea, but is still attached to the land at one end. There might also be a sharp bend in the coast that caused it to form
Sand beaches are shown on maps as pale yellow. Shingle beaches are shown as white or yellow with speckles.
Cliffs (and other steep slopes) are shown on maps as little black lines. Wave-cut platforms are shown as bumpy edges along the coast.
Caves and arches can't be seen on a map because of the rock above them. Stacks look like little blobs in the sea
River Landscapes
The River Valley: Long Profile & Cross Profile.
Vertical and Lateral Erosion (p47)
Upper Course
- Steep- V-shaped valley, steep sides Narrow, shallow channel
Middle course
MediumGently sloping valley sides Wider, deeper channel
Lower Course
Gentle , Very wide, almost flat valley Very wide, deep channel
Vertical erosion
This deepens the river valley (and channel), making it V-shaped. It's dominant in the upper course of the river. High turbulence causes the rough, angular particles to be scraped along the river bed, causing intense downwards erosion.
Lateral erosion
This widens the river valley (and channel) during the formation of meanders .It's dominant in the middle and lower courses.
River Processes: Erosion (ASHA), Transportation (TSSS) Deposition (p48)
EROSION
Hydraulic action
The force of the water breaks rock particles away from the river channel.
Abrasion
Eroded rocks picked up by the river scrape and rub against the channel, wearing it away. Most erosion happens by abrasion.
Attrition
Eroded rocks picked up by the river smash into each other and break into smaller fragments.
Solution
River water dissolves some types of rock, e.g. chalk and limestone.
TRANSPORTATION
Traction
Large particles like boulders are pushed along the river bed by the force of the water.
Suspension
Small particles like silt and clay are carried along by the water.
Saltation
Pebble-sized particles are bounced along the river bed by the force of the water.
Solution
Soluble materials dissolve in the water and are carried along.
River Landforms formed by Erosion: Waterfalls & Gorges, Interlocking Spurs (p49)
In the upper course of a river most of the erosion is vertically downwards. This creates steep-sided, V-shaped valleys. The rivers aren't powerful enough to erode laterally (sideways) – they have to wind around the high hillsides that stick out into their paths on either side. -
Waterfalls form where a river flows over an area of hard rock followed by an area of softer rock. The softer rock is eroded (by hydraulic action and abrasion) more than the hard rock, creating a 'step' in the river. As water goes over the step it erodes more and more of the softer rock. steep drop is eventually created, which is called a waterfall.
River Landforms caused by erosion & deposition: Meanders & Ox-bow Lakes (p50)
Meanders + Ox-Bow lakes
The current / flow of water is faster on outside
More erosion takes place on outside
current is slower on inside therefore more deposition
As meanders get too large the outside bend eventually touch and cut through
the river then flows along the shortest course
deposition cuts off the meander
Rivers on Maps (52) & Example of a UK River Landscape: River Clyde (p53) or River Tees
Orange Contour lines tell you the height
Short distance contour lines means it is steep
River clyde = 160 km long
River flows north west through Motherwell and glasgow
River Discharge & Flooding: Flood Hydrographs,
Human and Physical Causes of flooding (p54)
Peak discharge
: The highest discharge in the period of time you're looking at.
Lag time
: The delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge.
Rising limb
: The increase in river discharge as rainwater flows into the river.
Falling limb
: The decrease in river discharge as the river returns to its normal level.
Introduction
Upland areas tend to be in the North and West of the Uk---- Lowland in the South and East
Most cities are in lowland areas and often on major rivers i.e London Thames, Liverpool Mersey