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Singapore Population, complications, complications, . - Coggle Diagram

- - - - television
      - radio
      - newspapers
      - pamphlets
    - - Maternal and Child Health (MCH) clinics
- - - - encourage the well-educated people to have more children
  - - - remove the financial obstacles associated with having more children
    - - Defraying medical costs of conception, pregnancy and delivery
      - MediSave for Assisted Conception Procedures (ACP)
      - Enhanced co-Funding for Assisted Conception Procedures
      - MediSave Maternity Package
      - MediShield Life coverage for serious pregnancy-related complications
    - - Baby Bonus Scheme
      - MediSave Grant for Newborns
      - MediShield Life Coverage from Birth
      - Subsidies for Recommended Childhood Vaccinations and Developmental Screenings
      - Subsidies for Centre-Based Infant & Child Care, and Kindergarten Fee Assistance Scheme
      - Tax Reliefs & Rebate for Parents
      - Foreign Domestic Worker Levy Concession
    - - eligible to claim the Parenthood Tax Rebate (PTR)* of $5,000 for their 1st child, $10,000 for the 2nd child, and $20,000 for the 3rd and each subsequent child
      - More family-friendly work arrangements in the civil service
      - making more childcare centres available and affordable
- - - - widespread unemployment
      - shorting housing
      - insufficient educational and healthcare services for people
      - Increasing pressure on the limited resources of the country
  - - - More elderly people became dependent on the proportion of population that was working
      - need young citizens to replace the ageing workforce
        
        economy would not be as competitive as compared to other countries
    - - concern that a reduction in the number of young male adults enlist in the armed forces
        
        serious consequences for national security
- - - - Singapore’s literacy rate was increasing & Women were more well-educated
      - Increasing numbers of women were entering the workforce or continuing with higher education
      - trend of later marriages was becoming more accepted
      - Longer gap between children
      - downward trend of total fertility rate from 2.1 babies per woman in 1975 to 1.4 babies per woman in 1986
      - Reasons:
        
        will have standard of living
        
        S’pore experienced rapid economic growth, increasing affluence, better education
        
        more career-minded couples showed strong preference for small families
        
        Career-focussed society also saw an increasing no. of singles --> BR went down
  - - - total fertility rate was 1.4 babies per woman in 1986
      - rose slightly to 1.96 per woman
      - rate dropped to 1.9 babies per woman in 1990 and continued to fall to 1.6 babies per woman in 1999
    - - but fertility remains below the replacement level
      - increase in third order births seems to have stalled since 1990
      - better-educated women continue to be under-represented among the higher order births
      - TFR appears to have stabilised at about 1.8 children per woman - the TFR remained below two children per woman.
      - the TFR had declined to 1.29 deemed still ‘unsuccessful’
      - Increasing numbers of Singaporeans not getting married
        
        Out of 100 males aged between 25 to 29 years old, 66 were single in 1988. In 1998, this figure increased to 70
        
        Out of 100 females aged between 25 to 29 years old, 41 were single in 1988. In 1998, this figure increased to 44 out of 100
      - Reasons
        
        TFR for 2007 down to 1.29
        
        Pragmatic viewpoint: Rising cost of raising a child and expectations of parents present a great obstacle
        
        increasing no. of singles and married couples who marry later, delay childbirth and prefer small family
        
        Career-focussed and material-success oriented society
        
        High cost of living
        
        too expensive to get married
        
        Most families depend on 2 persons’ income
        
        difficult to strike a work-family balance
        
        difficult to strike a work-family balance
        
        Money can do only so much
        
        Govt can urge but can’t force people to have babies – a personal choice