Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Pigmentations - Coggle Diagram
Pigmentations
Variations of Normal
Physiologic Pigmentation
Etiology = Usually found in the gingiva but can occur throughout the mouth; increased pigmentation may occur during pregnancy; pigmentation may occur in post menopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy
-
EO Characteristics = Some pigmentation can occur extra orally; may be associated with disease states and with a genetic predisposition; may extend into the lip area
PO and IO Characteristics = May range from brown or black to dark blue; deeper pigmentation is usually black
Distinguishing Characteristics = Do you not Blanche because they are due to melanin production and not to blood pooling within the tissues as a vascular pigmentation produces; not caused by excess blood within a focal area
Dental Implications = Some patients complain about the cosmetic factors; tongue and gingiva may be visible when speaking and the appearance may be troublesome to the patient; some patients may want to have it removed for esthetic reasons
Treatment and Prognosis = Prognosis is excellent; no treatment is required; if diagnosis is not clear for the evaluation is needed; follow up should be performed with any changes
-
-
-
-
Neoplasms
Oral Melanoma
Etiology = Occurs in the oral tissues that are not exposed to the sun; etiology is unknown; tobacco use, chronic irritation, formaldehyde exposure, familial history, and cytogenic defects may play some role in its development
-
-
PO and IO Characteristics = most commonly affects the hard palate and maxillary gingiva; melanoma is usually brown, red, black, and even black-bluish color; maybe slightly raised, with irregular borders; may have a rapid growth pattern with a deep invasive nature; may appear exophytic or Ulcerative; asymmetry and irregular borders are key signs; enlarging masses should have a biopsy performed to determine;
Distinguishing Characteristics = Intraoral may appear as a dark blue to black pigmented area with irregular borders increasing as the lesion continues to expand
-
Treatment and Prognosis = early detection and treatment hour of extreme importance; excision of the oral melanoma is the course of action with one surgical margins because recurrence is common; chemotherapy and radiation for neck and head cancers maybe used; biologic therapy; associated with a poor prognosis; Five-year survival rates vary with reports from 4.5 to 29%
-