BIOLOGY
Eukaryotic Organisms
Prokaryotic Organisms
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Bacteria Cells
Unicellular Organisms
Multicellular Organisms
Includes a nucleus
Does not include nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Lysosomes and Perixomes
Cytoplasm
Gogli Apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Plasma Membrane
Vacuole
Cytoplasm #
Endoplasmic Reticulum #
Cell Wall
Golgi Apparatus #
Chloroplasts
Peroxisomes
Plasma Membrane #
Mitochondria #
Nucleus #
Cell Wall
Pili and Fimbriae
Capsule
Nucleoid
Plasma Membrane
Ribosomes
Flagellum
Helps the bacteria move around.
Can be found in the endoplasmic reticulum or floating around cytoplasm. They create the proteins the cell needs.
Where the DNA is stored.
Maintains the shape of the cell and protects it as well.
Allows bacteria to attach to different surfaces. Can also be served as a bridge for two bacterias to exchange genetic information.
It protects the bacterial cell from harm.
One of the outer layers in the bacteria cell. Controls what nutrients, ions, and waste enter or leaves the cell.
A fluid that maintains the internal pressure of the cell so that it doesn't shrink. Carries all the organelles in the cell.
The outer lining of the cell, controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Directs the activity of the cell. Where DNA and genes are stored.
A fluid that maintains the internal pressure of the cell so that it doesn't shrink. Carries all the organelles in the cell.
There is the rough E.R. and the smooth E.R. depending wether it has ribosomes attached to it or not. It prepares the proteins to get transported to the Golgi Apparatus or other parts of the cell.
Can be found in the endoplasmic reticulum or floating around cytoplasm. They create the proteins the cell needs.
The recycling station of the cell. Where all the waste materials are put. The organelles break down the waste and detoxify poisons to clean up the cell.
Groups lipids and proteins and packages them in vesicles. After, they ship it off to different organelles or sometimes out of the cell.
The power of the cell. Produces an energy-rich molecule called ATP which fuels most of the action. #
Stores water and nutrients that cell needs to survive. Also stores waste products so cell does not become contaminated.
Protects the cell from injury. Maintains the cell's shape.
Converts stored oils into molecules that can be used as energy for the cell.
Converts sun's rays into energy that cell can use, ATP, adenise try phosphate. #
How do bacterias spread?
Why are there good bacteria and bad bacteria?
Is the only form of plants creating energy with the chloroplasts?
What happens if there is a malfunction in the cell?
Why are there 2 protections for the cell, the plasma membrane and the cell wall?
The chloroplast and the mitochondria both have very similar functions. They both produce ATP, adenise try phospate, energy for the cell, although they do it differently. #
Microscopes
Electron Microscope
Light Microscopes
Structure
Eyepiece
Arm
Rack Stop
Stage Clip
Coarse Focus
Fine Focus
Revolving Nosepiece
Objective Lens
Stage
Condenser
Illuminator
Base
They have photons.
Has a lower resolution and lower magnification.
Has light specimens.
Has color.
It is in 2D.
Has electrons.
Has a higher resolution and higher magnification.
Has dead specimens.
No colour added to it, it is black and white.
It is in 3D.
Organelles in Electron Micrograph.
Nucleus #
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum #
Golgi Apparatus #
Mitochondria #
Chloroplasts #
Magnification
Low Magnification: x40
Medium Magnification: x100
High Magnification: x400
Scale(SI Prefixes)
1 picometer (10^-12) #
1 nanometer (10^-9) #
1 micrometer (10^-6) #
1 millimeter (10^-3) #
1 meter (10^0) #
1 kilometer (10^3) #
1 megameter (10^6) #
1 gigameter (10^9) #
1 tetrameter (10^12) #
Macroscopic Scale
Astronomical Scale
Microscopic Scale
Organisms
The structure of multicellular organisms is a hierarchy
Subatomic Particles
Atoms of Elements
Macromolecules
Cells #
Organs
Organ System
Organism
Protons(+)
Electrons (-)
Neutrons(0)
Carbs
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acid
Muscles
Tissues
Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Loose Tissues
Bone Tissues
Cartilage Tissue
Blood Tissue
Like the heart, lungs, liver, bladder, etc.
Like the digestive system, respiratory system, nervous system, etc.
The respiratory system is very vital in your body. Your lungs deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from your blood in a process called gas exchange. When you inhale, oxygen enters your body and passes through your trachea. It after divides itself into two, at the bronchial tubes, then into smaller tubes. The bronchioles end in tiny air sacs, alveoli. The oxygen you inhaled passes into bloodstream, carbon dioxide passes out of the bloodstream and is expelled from the body once you exhale.
Homeostasis
the tendency of a system to resist change in order to maintain in a stable internal environment
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
Amplifies/promotes change
Minimizes change, goes back to normal
Such as getting a tattoo
Such as getting a red face, sweating, breathing harder than usual
Water
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Cells is flaccid
Cell is turgid #
Cell is plasmolyzed #
Cytolysis, the cell wall prevents plant cells from bursting
Osmosis, water flows naturally from regions with lower solute concentration to regions with higher solute concentration
Phospholipid as hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Molecules
one molecule that is capable of bonding with another
two or more monomers combined together
CHO
CHONS
CHO
CHONP
Monomer: amino acids
Polymer: polypeptide
Monomer: monosaccharides"simple sugars"
Polymer: Polysaccharide (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
Monomer: fatty acid, glycerol
Monomer: nucleotide
Polymer: nucleic acid
There is no polymer
Are the structure and the action
Some examples are fish, meat, etc.
Are the short-term energy and DNA structure
Some examples are bread, pasta, rice, etc.
Are the long-term energy and cell membrane structure
Some examples are butter, oils, etc.
It stores genetic information
Such as DNA and RNA #
All these macromolecules are used for the body to survive. They are all there to help and each have their own functions.
The digestive system is the process where different enzymes break food macromolecules into their constituent monomers. Those monomers will go through the small intestine and into the blood where they first pass through the liver and are then distributed to cells throughout the body. #
The amino acids are used in translation (protein synthesis) in the ribosomes
Sugar molecules, such as glucose, is used in cellular respiration within mitochondria
Phospholipids and cholesterol are used to make membranes and fatty acids can be stored in fat cells
Nucleotides are used for replication and transcription within the nucleus of cells
Cellular respiration is a multi-step chemical process in which energy stored in bonds within glucose is transferred to energy stored in bonds within ATP.
Matter Input: Glucose, oxygen, ADP, Pi
Energy Input: chemical potential energy in glucose
Matter Output: Carbon dioxide, water and ATP
Energy Output: Chemical potential energy in ATP
The net reaction is exothermic because the products, carbon dioxide and water, are stable/lower energy than the reactants, glucose and oxygen.
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP
The reactants´ bonds are broken and the products bonds are formed
ATP is a re-chargeable supply of energy. In replication, transcription, translation, active transport across membranes or moving molecules like chromosomes, vesicles and protein fibers in muscles.
All cells inside an organism contain the exact same copy of DNA
The replication of DNA so that it can grow. There are two types; helicase and DNA polymerase. The replication is semi-conservative. DNA contains regions called genes and each gene codes for a protein.
DNA has deoxyribose sugar. It is double stranded. The complementary base pairs of DNA are A=T; C=G. They are long strands and the shape is a double helix.
RNA has ribose sugar. It is single stranded. The complementary base pairs are G=A;C=U. They are short strands and are anti-parallel. There are three types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA and rRNA.
Those genes contain instructions that determine the structure of proteins.
Transcription is where DNA gets copied in to RNA and occurs in the nucleus.
Translation is the protein synthesis with the messenger RNA and occurs outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm.
:
A chromosome is seen above since this occurs in the nucleus and is DNA replication and we need DNA. The DNA comes from inside the chromosomes.
Photosynthesis #
ATP is the energy that is essential for every organism. For any organism to live they all need energy. They could either get from the chloroplasts or the mitochondria and their source of energy could all be different too. Every single unit, energy is always involved since everyone needs energy to live. Without energy organisms wouldn't function.
Autotrophs use energy from the sun and matter from the air to "create their own food" in photosynthesis.
Chemical potential energy is energy stored in the chemical bonds within molecules, between atoms.
Plants use the sugar molecules to build all the other biological molecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.
Sugar is transported around the plant through the phloem.
Gases enter and and exit a plant leaf through the stomata, carbon dioxide enters, oxygen and water leave. #
Multicellular organisms grow by producing more cells through mitosis and cytokinesis. During this process, one parent cell splits into two daughter cells. The daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell and each other. The chromosomes contain genetic information in the form of genes. The cell spends most of its time in interphase, where many things happen in the nucleus and cytoplasm, including replicating the DNA. # #
During mitosis, there is interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
Different cells have different shapes because they make and use different proteins. The different proteins are made in different cells because they express different genes, this is called differentiation..
All cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA molecules. Every chromosome is a single very long DNA molecule, wrapped around proteins. Genes are regions in the DNA that contain instructions that code for the formation of proteins. The proteins created by a cell affect the structure and function of the cell, and so the traits of the organism. All cells in an organism have the same genetic information, but different genes are expressed in different cells. # #
Research suggests that only 1-2% of DNA codes for proteins, and the remainder of DNA has regulatory or unknown functions #
Mitosis creates diploid body cells and meiosis creates haploid sex cells. Body cells are somatic cells and sex cells as gametes. Diploid cells have a full set of chromosomes and haploid cells have a half set of chromosomes. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene, for example, a man's hair could be the blond allele or brown allele. Homologous chromosomes carry the same gene, although each chromosome in the homologous pairs may have different alleles.
Skills
Analyzing diagrams and data
Using word roots to infer meaning
When there is a new scientific word, the meaning of the word will be written down to get a better understanding of the word. Also, to help the reader understand the rest of the information written down on that topic.
It helps the reader visually see a diagram and when explained, it will become easier to understand. Analyzing the diagrams and data will help enhance more knowledge and understand it better.
We learnt about DNA in the beginning and more towards the end we started talking about chromosomes. Chromosomes are inside DNA. We went more into depth about it and also found out that inside the chromosomes there are genes and inside are alleles. Alleles are what decided what gene characteristics you are born with. As a result, DNA is in our everyday lives and is very vital.
Osmosis is something that we learned in the beginning. Osmosis is when water goes from highly concentrated areas to lower concentrated areas. In the trees the water goes up through the xylem, which we learned very recently.
The difference between animal cells and plant cells is cell differentiation, that is why they look the same. They are given different organelles and functions for different reasons. They all perform different activities depending on the structure of their organism. They are all different for a reason.