BIOLOGY

Eukaryotic Organisms

Prokaryotic Organisms

Animal Cells

Plant Cells

Bacteria Cells

Unicellular Organisms

Multicellular Organisms

Includes a nucleus

Does not include nucleus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

Lysosomes and Perixomes

Cytoplasm

Gogli Apparatus

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Plasma Membrane

Vacuole

Cytoplasm #

Endoplasmic Reticulum #

Cell Wall

Golgi Apparatus #

Chloroplasts

Peroxisomes

Plasma Membrane #

Mitochondria #

Nucleus #

Cell Wall

Pili and Fimbriae

Capsule

Nucleoid

Plasma Membrane

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm # #

Flagellum

Helps the bacteria move around.

Can be found in the endoplasmic reticulum or floating around cytoplasm. They create the proteins the cell needs.

Where the DNA is stored.

Maintains the shape of the cell and protects it as well.

Allows bacteria to attach to different surfaces. Can also be served as a bridge for two bacterias to exchange genetic information.

It protects the bacterial cell from harm.

One of the outer layers in the bacteria cell. Controls what nutrients, ions, and waste enter or leaves the cell.

A fluid that maintains the internal pressure of the cell so that it doesn't shrink. Carries all the organelles in the cell.

The outer lining of the cell, controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Directs the activity of the cell. Where DNA and genes are stored.

A fluid that maintains the internal pressure of the cell so that it doesn't shrink. Carries all the organelles in the cell.

There is the rough E.R. and the smooth E.R. depending wether it has ribosomes attached to it or not. It prepares the proteins to get transported to the Golgi Apparatus or other parts of the cell.

Can be found in the endoplasmic reticulum or floating around cytoplasm. They create the proteins the cell needs.

The recycling station of the cell. Where all the waste materials are put. The organelles break down the waste and detoxify poisons to clean up the cell.

Groups lipids and proteins and packages them in vesicles. After, they ship it off to different organelles or sometimes out of the cell.

The power of the cell. Produces an energy-rich molecule called ATP which fuels most of the action. #

Stores water and nutrients that cell needs to survive. Also stores waste products so cell does not become contaminated.

Protects the cell from injury. Maintains the cell's shape.

Converts stored oils into molecules that can be used as energy for the cell.

Converts sun's rays into energy that cell can use, ATP, adenise try phosphate. #

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How do bacterias spread?

Why are there good bacteria and bad bacteria?

Is the only form of plants creating energy with the chloroplasts?

What happens if there is a malfunction in the cell?

Why are there 2 protections for the cell, the plasma membrane and the cell wall?

The chloroplast and the mitochondria both have very similar functions. They both produce ATP, adenise try phospate, energy for the cell, although they do it differently. #

Microscopes

Electron Microscope

Light Microscopes

Structure

Eyepiece

Arm

Rack Stop

Stage Clip

Coarse Focus

Fine Focus

Revolving Nosepiece

Objective Lens

Stage

Condenser

Illuminator

Base

They have photons.

Has a lower resolution and lower magnification.

Has light specimens.

Has color.

It is in 2D.

Has electrons.

Has a higher resolution and higher magnification.

Has dead specimens.

No colour added to it, it is black and white.

It is in 3D.

Organelles in Electron Micrograph.

Nucleus #

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum #

Golgi Apparatus #

Mitochondria #

Chloroplasts #

Magnification

Low Magnification: x40

Medium Magnification: x100

High Magnification: x400

Scale(SI Prefixes)

1 picometer (10^-12) #

1 nanometer (10^-9) #

1 micrometer (10^-6) #

1 millimeter (10^-3) #

1 meter (10^0) #

1 kilometer (10^3) #

1 megameter (10^6) #

1 gigameter (10^9) #

1 tetrameter (10^12) #

Macroscopic Scale

Astronomical Scale

Microscopic Scale

Organisms

The structure of multicellular organisms is a hierarchy

Subatomic Particles

Atoms of Elements

Macromolecules

Cells #

Organs

Organ System

Organism

Protons(+)

Electrons (-)

Neutrons(0)

Carbs

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Sulfur

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acid

Muscles

Tissues

Epithelial Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Nervous Tissue

Loose Tissues

Bone Tissues

Cartilage Tissue

Blood Tissue

Like the heart, lungs, liver, bladder, etc.

Like the digestive system, respiratory system, nervous system, etc.

The respiratory system is very vital in your body. Your lungs deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from your blood in a process called gas exchange. When you inhale, oxygen enters your body and passes through your trachea. It after divides itself into two, at the bronchial tubes, then into smaller tubes. The bronchioles end in tiny air sacs, alveoli. The oxygen you inhaled passes into bloodstream, carbon dioxide passes out of the bloodstream and is expelled from the body once you exhale.

Homeostasis

the tendency of a system to resist change in order to maintain in a stable internal environment

Positive Feedback

Negative Feedback

Amplifies/promotes change

Minimizes change, goes back to normal

Such as getting a tattoo

Such as getting a red face, sweating, breathing harder than usual

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Water

Isotonic

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

Cells is flaccid

Cell is turgid #

Cell is plasmolyzed #

Cytolysis, the cell wall prevents plant cells from bursting

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Osmosis, water flows naturally from regions with lower solute concentration to regions with higher solute concentration

Phospholipid as hydrophilic and hydrophobic

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Molecules

Monomers # # # #

Polymers # # #

one molecule that is capable of bonding with another

two or more monomers combined together

CHO

CHONS

CHO

CHONP

Monomer: amino acids

Polymer: polypeptide

Monomer: monosaccharides"simple sugars"

Polymer: Polysaccharide (starch, cellulose, glycogen)

Monomer: fatty acid, glycerol

Monomer: nucleotide

Polymer: nucleic acid

There is no polymer

Are the structure and the action

Some examples are fish, meat, etc.

Are the short-term energy and DNA structure

Some examples are bread, pasta, rice, etc.

Are the long-term energy and cell membrane structure

Some examples are butter, oils, etc.

It stores genetic information

Such as DNA and RNA #

All these macromolecules are used for the body to survive. They are all there to help and each have their own functions.

The digestive system is the process where different enzymes break food macromolecules into their constituent monomers. Those monomers will go through the small intestine and into the blood where they first pass through the liver and are then distributed to cells throughout the body. #

The amino acids are used in translation (protein synthesis) in the ribosomes

Sugar molecules, such as glucose, is used in cellular respiration within mitochondria

Phospholipids and cholesterol are used to make membranes and fatty acids can be stored in fat cells

Nucleotides are used for replication and transcription within the nucleus of cells

Cellular respiration is a multi-step chemical process in which energy stored in bonds within glucose is transferred to energy stored in bonds within ATP.

Matter Input: Glucose, oxygen, ADP, Pi
Energy Input: chemical potential energy in glucose

Matter Output: Carbon dioxide, water and ATP
Energy Output: Chemical potential energy in ATP

The net reaction is exothermic because the products, carbon dioxide and water, are stable/lower energy than the reactants, glucose and oxygen.

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP

The reactants´ bonds are broken and the products bonds are formed

ATP is a re-chargeable supply of energy. In replication, transcription, translation, active transport across membranes or moving molecules like chromosomes, vesicles and protein fibers in muscles.

All cells inside an organism contain the exact same copy of DNA

The replication of DNA so that it can grow. There are two types; helicase and DNA polymerase. The replication is semi-conservative. DNA contains regions called genes and each gene codes for a protein.

DNA has deoxyribose sugar. It is double stranded. The complementary base pairs of DNA are A=T; C=G. They are long strands and the shape is a double helix.

RNA has ribose sugar. It is single stranded. The complementary base pairs are G=A;C=U. They are short strands and are anti-parallel. There are three types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA and rRNA.

Those genes contain instructions that determine the structure of proteins.

Transcription is where DNA gets copied in to RNA and occurs in the nucleus.

Translation is the protein synthesis with the messenger RNA and occurs outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm.

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A chromosome is seen above since this occurs in the nucleus and is DNA replication and we need DNA. The DNA comes from inside the chromosomes.

Photosynthesis #

Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells. It converts water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen. it converts light energy from the sun into chemical potential energy in sugar. # #

ATP is the energy that is essential for every organism. For any organism to live they all need energy. They could either get from the chloroplasts or the mitochondria and their source of energy could all be different too. Every single unit, energy is always involved since everyone needs energy to live. Without energy organisms wouldn't function.

Autotrophs use energy from the sun and matter from the air to "create their own food" in photosynthesis.

Chemical potential energy is energy stored in the chemical bonds within molecules, between atoms.

Plants use the sugar molecules to build all the other biological molecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

Sugar is transported around the plant through the phloem.

Water is absorbed through the roots and transported up the plant in the xylem. # #

Gases enter and and exit a plant leaf through the stomata, carbon dioxide enters, oxygen and water leave. #

The reactants are carbon dioxide, water and ATP energy from the light that will produce glucose and oxygen # #

Multicellular organisms grow by producing more cells through mitosis and cytokinesis. During this process, one parent cell splits into two daughter cells. The daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell and each other. The chromosomes contain genetic information in the form of genes. The cell spends most of its time in interphase, where many things happen in the nucleus and cytoplasm, including replicating the DNA. # #

During mitosis, there is interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

Different cells have different shapes because they make and use different proteins. The different proteins are made in different cells because they express different genes, this is called differentiation..

Stem cells in human can turn into these different (specialized) cells. These microscopic changes cause the organism to develop. # #

All cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA molecules. Every chromosome is a single very long DNA molecule, wrapped around proteins. Genes are regions in the DNA that contain instructions that code for the formation of proteins. The proteins created by a cell affect the structure and function of the cell, and so the traits of the organism. All cells in an organism have the same genetic information, but different genes are expressed in different cells. # #

Research suggests that only 1-2% of DNA codes for proteins, and the remainder of DNA has regulatory or unknown functions #

Mitosis creates diploid body cells and meiosis creates haploid sex cells. Body cells are somatic cells and sex cells as gametes. Diploid cells have a full set of chromosomes and haploid cells have a half set of chromosomes. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene, for example, a man's hair could be the blond allele or brown allele. Homologous chromosomes carry the same gene, although each chromosome in the homologous pairs may have different alleles.

Skills

Analyzing diagrams and data

Using word roots to infer meaning

When there is a new scientific word, the meaning of the word will be written down to get a better understanding of the word. Also, to help the reader understand the rest of the information written down on that topic.

It helps the reader visually see a diagram and when explained, it will become easier to understand. Analyzing the diagrams and data will help enhance more knowledge and understand it better.

We learnt about DNA in the beginning and more towards the end we started talking about chromosomes. Chromosomes are inside DNA. We went more into depth about it and also found out that inside the chromosomes there are genes and inside are alleles. Alleles are what decided what gene characteristics you are born with. As a result, DNA is in our everyday lives and is very vital.

Osmosis is something that we learned in the beginning. Osmosis is when water goes from highly concentrated areas to lower concentrated areas. In the trees the water goes up through the xylem, which we learned very recently.

The difference between animal cells and plant cells is cell differentiation, that is why they look the same. They are given different organelles and functions for different reasons. They all perform different activities depending on the structure of their organism. They are all different for a reason.