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:hospital: CHAPTER 9 MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT :hospital: NUREZLIN AZIERA…

- - - - Cultures and stocks of infectious agents
      - Human pathological wastes
      - Human blood and blood products
      - Sharps
      - Certain animal wastes
      - Certain isolation wastes
      - Unused sharps
- - - - Plastic bags for solid or semisolid waste
      - Bottles, flasks, or tanks for liquids
  - - - Avoid the use of needles where safe and effective alternatives are available
      - Help your employer select and evaluate devices with safety features
      - Avoid recapping needles
      - Promptly dispose of used needles
      - Participate in training related to infection prevention
  - - - By a healthcare professional employed by the facility
      - By contract with a transporter registered with the state
      - By mail, parcel post, or courier service
  - - - heating under high pressure
      - precautions
        
        Plastic bags should be placed in a rigid container before steam treatment to prevent spillage and drain clogging
        
        To facilitate steam penetration, bags should be opened and caps and stoppers should be loosened immediately before they are place in the steam sterilizer.
        
        Care should be taken to separate infectious wastes from other hazardous wastes
        
        Waste that contains antineoplastic drugs, toxic chemicals, or chemicals that would be volatilized by steam should not be steam-sterilized
      - techniques
        
        Use of protective equipment
        
        Minimization of aerosol formation
        
        Management of spills
        
        Prevention of burns from handling hot containers
    - - complete combustion by exposure of the waste to intense heat, has been used for several years to treat and destroy medical wastes
      - emissions from incinerators
        
        Particulate Matter
        
        Carbon Monoxide
        
        Dioxin
        
        Sulfur Dioxide
        
        Hydrogen Chloride
    - - involves the treatment of waste with high temperatures to eliminate the presence of infectious agents
      - used for large volumes of infectious waste
      - liquid waste is collected in a vessel and heated by heat exchangers or a steam jacket surround the vessel
      - requires higher temperatures and longer treatment cycles
    - - uses gaseous or vaporized chemicals as the sterilizing agents
      - ethylene oxide is the most commonly used agent
    - - the preferred treatment for liquid infectious wastes, but it can also be used in treating solid infectious waste
      - factors
        
        Type of microorganism
        
        Degree of contamination
        
        Amount of proteinaceous material present
        
        Contact time
        
        Type of disinfectant
    - - an emerging technology that uses ionizing radiation
      - Advantages
        
        Electricity requirements are nominal
        
        Steam is not required
        
        No heat or chemicals remain the treated waste
      - Disadvantages
        
        Capital costs are high
        
        Highly trained personnel are required
        
        Space requirements are great
        
        Ultimate disposal of the radiation source may pose problems
    - - include an explanation of the infectious waste management plan and assignment of roles and responsibilities
      - implemented
        
        When the infectious waste management plan are first developed and instituted.
        
        When new employees are hired
        
        When infectious waste management practices change
      - Continuous education is also an important part of staff training