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OUTLOOK, Africa, Sources Recommendation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Decline in Export prices and Volumes
        
        The expected shortfall in export revenues amounts
        to USD251 billion in 2009
        
        Oil prices fell 69 percent between July and December 2008. The expected decline in exports is huge: 42 percent in 2009
        
        https://carnegieendowment.org/2009/04/15/impact-of-financial-crisis-on-africa-pub-22995#:~:text=Fiscal%20balance%20in%20Sub%2DSaharan,percent%20of%20GDP%20in%202009.&text=As%20just%20one%20point%20of,one%20million%20excess%20infant%20deaths.
        
        https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/impact%20of%20the%20crisis%20and%20recommendations%20to%20the%20G20%20-%20March%2021.pdf
      - https://carnegieendowment.org/2009/04/15/impact-of-financial-crisis-on-africa-pub-22995
  - - - Debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative by the
        International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (Page 21)
        
        https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/impact%20of%20the%20crisis%20and%20recommendations%20to%20the%20G20%20-%20March%2021.pdf
        
        Climate chalenges, such as Greenhouse Gasses,Rising Temperature, and Rain - Fed Agriculture are assisted by The Copenhagen Accord page 32
        
        The Copenhagen Accord pledges to mobilise new, additional and predictable funding to developing countries to
        the tune of USD 30 billion for the period 2010-12 page 32
        
        Developed countries have committed to jointly raising USD 100 billion per year by 2020 to address these needs
        (UNFCCC, 2009) page 32
        
        https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/impact%20of%20the%20crisis%20and%20recommendations%20to%20the%20G20%20-%20March%2021.pdf
        
        https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2010/climate-deal-hard-work-lies-ahead
      - https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/impact%20of%20the%20crisis%20and%20recommendations%20to%20the%20G20%20-%20March%2021.pdf
  - - - Strong Public Infrastructure
        
        Solid labor supply growth
        
        Modest TFP (Total factor productivity) growth
        
        Economic diversification
        
        Boosted agricultural productivity
        
        Raising productivity in the nonfarm informal sector
  - - - Oil slow growth reduced to 2 1/4 %
        
        Severe Drought
        
        Ebola Epidemic
        
        Lack of Policy support
        
        Poor agricultural output
- - - - noteworthy highlight : -Executive Summary : 7, 8, 11-15
      - Explaining downfall on 2009, solely based on that source :
        -P4/3.4.1
        -P5/4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.2.1.1, 4.2.1.2
        -P6&7/5.1.1-5.3.1
        -P8/5.4.2.3, 5.4.2.5
        -P11 : Why Tunisian financial market is not much affected compares to its neighbours ?
        -P12 : What if Nigeria & South Africa is included in the consideration of Sub-Saharan Africa trade prospect ? how would it affect both volumes and values of exports and imports ?
        P13 : Why Central Africa has the best Fiscal Ballance, and simultaneously the worst Current Account Ballance on 2009 ?
        -P14 : Why the GDP Growth of Fragile Countries from 2008-2009 is increasing, while the low & middle income countries are declining ?
        
        How it only took 1 year for the economy, not only reviving, but rising to its peak year on 2010 ?
        
        https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Africa/Report/Africas-Pulse-brochure_Vol7.pdf
        
        P4 : POV FDI "The United Nations World Investment Report, 2012 reports that data on the profitability of United States FDI—FDI income as a share of FDI stock— shows a 20 percent return in Africa in 2010, compared with 14 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean and 15 percent in Asia."
        
        P5 : Private investment on Civil Infrastructure " the spike in capital expenditure in Niger since 2010 is linked to the construction of the Kandadji Dam, which will increase the provision of electricity and irrigation services. In Cote d’Ivoire,
        a country-wide infrastructure rehabilitation and renewal program has boosted capital spending. Capital projects in the region have been funded with higher government revenues (generated from faster growing economies and higher commodity prices) as well as from improving access to international capital markets and new sources of bilateral official financing, notably from China"
        
        P7/Fig. 7 : Growth on global tourist arrivals declined in 2009 (-3%), then peaked in 2010 (+7%),
        
        P7/Box 2 : "Between 2000 and 2011, total Sub-Saharan exports increased from $100 billion to $420 billion, with the resource sector, including petroleum, ores, base metals and gold, accounting for three quarters of exports."
        
        P12/Fig. 12 : Access to an improved water source has met the min. threshold between 2015-2020
        
        Why their GDP plunge in 2016 ?
        
        Low commodity prices, domestic challenges, highly unadaptive and unprotective government policies, stagnancy of growth in China, current account deficits, deteriorating fiscal positions due to expenditures on large infrastructure projects, rising wage bills and lower revenue on oil producing countries,
        
        https://www.focus-economics.com/blog/posts/sub-saharan-africas-2016-2017-growth-rates
        
        https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/AEO_2016_Report_Full_English.pdf
      - Africa is home to 5 of 30 top oil producing countries, responsible for 9.6% of the world output. 3 of them is in North Africa : https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/101515/biggest-oil-producers-africa.asp
- - - - Story telling, Any Conventional Digital Media