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CHAPTER 8: ETHICAL AND PROFESSIONAL ISSUES, Muhammad Aidy Hafizee BIn…
CHAPTER 8: ETHICAL AND PROFESSIONAL
ISSUES
8.2 Culture: Eastern, Western and Malaysian Societies
Innovation interest
veer towards incremental change & efficiencies.
Disruptive (unsettling) innovation
become the central to America’sentrepreneurial culture.
It describe the process by which a product/services takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of the market and relentlessly (persistently) moves up the market, eventually displacing established competitors.
Example: Disruptor: Cellphones; Disruptee: Fixed line telephone
Creative destruction
drives market, displaces older technology/idea with new and offers consumers value they did not dream up yet.
They
maximize innovation culture
by increasing number of graduates in science and engineering, reform immigration policies and invest in technological innovation.
CULTURAL DIMENSIONS
Creating
change
Capability
development
Team
innovation
Customer
focus
Empowerment
Organizational
learning
HOW TO BUILD A CULTURE OF
INNOVATION
Open mind
Curiosity
Empathy
Take risks
Trust
8.3 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IMPACT DIGITAL GENERATION
WHAT IS DIGITAL GENERATION???
a generation of children who’ve grown up with video games, computers, touch-screen tablets, mobile phones and virtual reality.
Video
POSITIVE IMPACT
ENHANCED TEACHING AND LEARNING
To help students grasp a concept easily.
Makes learning fun and enjoyable for students.
GLOBALIZATION
Students can “meet" their counterparts through video conferencing without leaving the classroom
To help students learn foreign languages online by pairing a group of students with a teacher from another country.
NO GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITATIONS
Distance learning and online education have become very important part of the education system nowadays.
NEGATIVE IMPACT
DECLINING WRITING SKILLS
Children are relying more and more on digital communication that they have totally forgot about improving their writing skills.
They don’t know the spelling of different words, how to use grammar properly or how to do cursive writing
INCREASING INCIDENTS OF
CHEATING
It is easier for students to write formulas and notes on graphing calculators, with least chances of being caught.
LACK OF FOCUS
Being ever-connected to the online world has resulted in lack of focus and concentration in academics and to some extent, even in sports and extra curricular activities.
OTHERS
Students imagination is affected, their
thinking ability is reduced
It is costly to install such technology
There can be health issues too when used over limits
IMPACT IN DIGITAL GENERATION’S
HEALTH CARE
POSITIVE IMPACT – HEALTH CARE
the widespread adoption of electronic health records has resulted in significant savings in health care costs as well as improved patient health and safety.
HEALTH CARE
medical technology is indispensable to people’s health and improved quality of life.
NEGATIVE IMPACT – HEALTH CARE
the internet provides a cheap and “easy” way to avoid going to the doctor.
IMPACT IN DIGITAL GENERATION’S
HUMAN BODY
STRAINED VISION
EMOTIONAL INSTABILITY
Sleep deprivation
No alone time
Too much codependence
HEARING LOST
IMPACT IN DIGITAL GENERATION’S
RELATIONSHIP
PROS
DEFENSE AND SURVEILLANCE
WIDER INTERACTION
THE WORK CAN BE DONE IN VERY LESS TIME
MORE INFORMATION
CONS
MECHANIZED DESTRUCTION
ISOLATION
FRAUDULENT IN TRASACTION
8.5 The Ethical Guidelines for
Computer Professionals
PROFESSIONAL CODES OF ETHICS
Professional organizations provide a general statement of ethical values reminding people in the profession that ethical behavior is an essential part of their job.
Provide reminders about specific professional
responsibilities.
PROFESSIONAL CODES
Ethical Behaviors Expected of the Computer Professional:
Honest and fair
Respects confidentiality
Respects and protection of personal privacy
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CODE OFETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
JUDGMENT
Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their professional judgment.
MANAGEMENT
Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and promote an ethical approach to the management of software development and maintenance.
PRODUCT
Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related modifications meet the highest professional standards possible.
PROFESSION
Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the profession consistent with the public interest.
CLIENT AND EMPLOYER
Software engineers shall act in a manners that is in the best interests
of their client and employer consistent with the public interest.
COLLEAGUES
Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues.
PUBLIC
Software engineers shall acts consistently with the public interest.
SELF
Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the practice of their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the practice of the profession.
ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS
Strengths
Codes inspire the members of a profession
to behave ethically.
Codes guide the members of a profession in
ethical choices.
Codes educate the members about their
professional obligations.
Weaknesses
Codes include directives that tend to be too
general and too vague.
Codes are not always helpful when two or
more directives conflict.
Codes comprise directives that are neither
complete nor exhaustive.
ETHICAL GUIDELINES
FOR COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS
Accountability
Does not necessarily attribute blame (in a moral sense).
Can apply to individuals, groups of individuals, and corporations.
Someone or some group is answerable (i.e., it goes beyond mere liability).
Legal Liability
Does not attribute blame or fault to those held liable.
Typically applies to corporations and property owners.
Compensation can be required even when responsibility in a formal sense is not admitted.
Moral Responsibility
Attributes blame (or
praise) to individuals.
Usually attributed to individuals rather than collectivities or groups.
Notions of guilt and shame apply, but no legal punishment or compensation need result.
GUIDELINES AND PROFESSIONAL
RESPONSIBILITIES
Understand what
success means
Include users (such as
medical staff, technicians, pilots, office
workers) in the design and testing stages to
provide safe and useful systems
Do a thorough, careful job when planning and scheduling a project and when writing bids or contracts
Design for real
users
Don’t assume existing software is safe or correct, review and test it
Be open and honest
about capabilities, safety, and
limitations of software
Require a convincing case for safety
Pay attention to
defaults
Develop communication skills
Analyzing a Professional Ethical Scenario
Brainstorming phase
List risks, issues, problems, consequences.
List all the stakeholders.
List possible actions.
Analyzing Professional Responsibilities
Analysis phase
Identify the responsibilities of the decision-maker.
Identify the rights of stakeholders.
Consider the impact of the action options on the stakeholders.
Find sections in codes of ethics that apply. Categorize each potential action or response as ethically obligatory, ethically
prohibited, or ethically acceptable.
Consider the ethical merits of each option and select one.
8.1 Innovation Social Issues in IT
TYPES OF INNOVATION
Introduce new production process previously unknown in industry (remove empty container by using fan rather than high end machine).
Exploiting new markets (direct selling to e-marketing).
Produce new goods previously unknown for customers.
New sources of purchasing raw materials and semi-prepared products (frozen raw materials, Tesco online)
New ways of organizing business activities (video conferencing).
ETHICS OF INNOVATION
Innovators need to defend
their innovation
Often overlooked because
the focus is on technology
RULES OF INNOVATION
Innovation disrupt the status quo.
Innovations are a shared responsibility.
Community
Innovating firm
People affected by and have an effect on an innovation.
Successful innovations require continual modifications
Innovations are new to a community.
Features matter.
CHANGING COMMUNICATION
PARADIGM
Paradigm
Describe the set of experiences, beliefs and values that affect the way an individual perceives reality and responds to that perception.
When a significant change happen from one fundamental view to a different view and some type of major discontinuity occurs as well.
Communication paradigm
A pattern or model that allows people to communicate to another person in order to give information about people needs and desires.
Communication
Is the process of exchanging information between two or more people through a common medium.
May be intentional or unintentional in nature, conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or nonlinguistic form, and may be occur through spoken or other modes
Any action by which one person gives to or receives from a person information about people’s need, knowledge and desires.
E.g. Boboiboy, Ejen Ali (cross culture, language, etc.)
Imparting, conveying or exchange of ideas, knowledge, information, etc. (whether by speech, writing or signs)
IT AND COMMUNITY ISSUES
Community and Isolation
Some fear that the use of computers in schools will have negative effects on children and ultimately society.
spending more time working alone with the machine
social skills may not develop as well as they would without computers
The formation of electronic relationships with people scattered around the country and the world may further weaken local communities
Many observers worry that the impact of computers on community, social and interpersonal interaction is negative and will get worse.
The access issue:
Access to information may give some people such a large advantage over those without access that our society will be divided sharply between those who have access and those who don’t.
EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON
COMMUNITY
Benefit to all sectors of the community
Local government
more productive with high speed communication system and information services
Business
Telecommuting provides benefit to business and
enhance the quality of life for employees
many strategies and solution in business
Health care
Bring benefit in medical sector
Make the life of handicapped community easier.
Home
create security in our home
with information device family nowadays can communicate more often with distance relatives
many families nowadays have a better knowledge of IT
Education
enhance learning and the learning process.
students learned to live and work productively
with technology
8.4 Professional Ethics and Responsibilities
DEFINITION
Professional ethics refers to the ethics that a person must adhere to in respect of their interactions and business dealings in their professional life.
Professional ethics includes relationships with and responsibilities toward customers, clients, coworkers, employees, employers, others who use one’s products and services, and others whom they affect
A professional has a responsibility to act ethically.
WHAT IS PROFESSIONAL
ETHICS???
Professional Ethics is concerned with one’s behaviour and conduct when carrying
out professional work.
Behaving Ethically includes:
Being honest
Keeping promises
Doing your job well
Not stealing
ETHICAL VIEWS
Deontological
Natural Rights
Consequentialist
Reaching the Right Decision
Muhammad Aidy Hafizee BIn Mohyeden
2017844648
M3CS246 61