Foundation of Kinesiology (week 1-7)
Week 4 - Roles of Skeletal Muscles in Muscle Contractions
Week 1- Skeletal system
Week 3 - Lower Extremity
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Week 5 - Skeletal muscle system
Objectives
Objectives
Learning Objective
Learning objective
Articulation (joints) of lower extremity
Basic movements in the three
planes of movement and axes of rotation
Explain how skeletal muscle produces force.
Describe the mechanics of muscular contraction and its relation to movement.
Differentiate the three mechanical factors influencing muscle contraction
Identifying different muscles that work together to complement each other when carrying out a particular movement
Time, displacement & force production
A contraction can be described in an isolated muscle fiber/motor unit or in intact, whole muscle (Plowman & Smith, 2014
Five functions of the
skeletal system
Articulations (joints) of the
axial and appendicular skeletons
Defining the terms, Agonist, Antagonist, Synergist and Fixator (Neutralizer)
Week 2- Upper Body & Upper Extremity
Anatomical structure & major muscles of the vertebral column & thoracic cage
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Articulation (joints) of upper extremity
Types of muscles & functions of muscular system
Definition
Agonist (Prime Mover)
Synergist
Antagonist
Fixator (Neutralizer)
Body movement, to maintain posture, to maintain temperature & storage and moving substances through the body
Antagonist muscles work against the agonist muscles in a coordinated manner to produce a movement
Acetabulofemoral Joint (Hip)
Functions of Vertebral Column (Spine)
Glenohumeral Joint (Shoulder)
Three basic types of contractions in an isolated muscle fiber
Isokinetic - Constant velocity: lengthening or shortening
Isometric - Constant muscle length
Isotonic - Constant force production: lengthening or shortening
Agonist muscle is responsible for majority of the movement
Cardiac (involuntary)
Talocrural Joint (Ankle)
Synergist muscles work together as a group in an area to produce a movement
Tibiofemoral Joint (Knee)
Fixator muscles acts as neutralizers or stablisers for agonist muscles to limit movement range and prevent over stretching of muscles
Three basic types of contractions in intact muscle in humans
Isokinematic - Rate of limb displacement or joint rotation is constant
Static - Limb displacement or joint rotation does not occur.
Dynamic concentric & eccentric- Muscle force varies, muscle shortens/lengthens to accommodate change in muscle length or joint angles.
Flexion
Extension
Examples
Abduction
Week 6 - Bioenergetics and
Metabolic Demand for Energy
Adduction
External Rotation (Laterally)
Internal Rotation (Medially)
Types of connective tissues
Flexion
Extension
Inversion (Foot turns inwards/Medially)
Eversion (Foot turns outwards/Laterally)
Mechanical factors influencing muscle contractions
Force-Velocity Relationship
Stretch-Shortening Cycle
Length-Tension-Angle Relationship
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Require the optimal overlap of the thick and thin filaments in sarcomere to generate the maximum power( resting length, not excessively stretched or greatly shortened)
Bioenergetics
Muscle Attachment
origin (less mobile attachment)
insertion (more mobile attachment)
Tendons (Connects muscle to bone)
Ligaments (Connects bone to bone)
Cartilage (Lubrication & Shock Absorption)
The force produced by a concentric muscle action decreases as the velocity increases.
The force produced by a eccentric muscle action increase as the velocity increases.
Structural support for the body
More work can be done with less energy expenditure following a prestretch.
Energy System
Allows movement
Anaerobic
Surrounds and Protects spinal cord
Aerobic
Provide shock absorption for body
ATP-PC (3-15s)
Glycolysis(15s- 1/2 min depend on athlete)
Smooth (involuntary)
Skeletal (voluntary)
Oxidative(2 min and above)
found in heart
form fleshy body parts
found in the walls of the internal organs
Energy source for activities that require a lot of energy per second.
A series of enzymatic reactions that metabolize glucose
The body breaks down substrates with the aid of oxygen to generate ATP
Base Support for body
Transmit weight of trunk to lower limbs
Functions of Thoracic cage (Thoracic vertebrae, Sternum, Ribs & costal cartilage)
Humeroulnar Joint (Elbow)
Radiocarpal (Wrist)
Abduction e.g Deltoid
Flexion e.g Pectoralis Major
Adduction e.g Latisimus Dorsi
Extension e.g Latissimus Dorsi
Anatomical position
Extension e.g Triceps Brachii
Flexion e.g Biceps Brachii
Protect vital organs of thoracic cavity
Supports shoulder girdle & upper limbs
Directional terms
Extension e.g the wrist extensors like the extensor carpi radialis longus
Radial Deviation (Abduction) e.g
Horizontal Adduction e.g Trapezius
Horizontal Abduction e.g Posterior Deltolds
Medial Rotation e.g Subscapularis
Lateral Rotation e.g Infraspinatus (prime mover)
Planes of Movement
Flexion e.g e.g the wrist flexors ( Flexor carpi radialis and Flexor carpi ulnaris)
Ulnar Deviation (Adduction) e.g Extensor carpi ulnaris
Sagittal - bisects body to left and right
Transverse - horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower body
Frontal - segment body to anterior and posterior section
Attachment sites for muscles
True ribs (1-7), False Ribs (8-12), Floating ribs (11-12)
Classification of muscle contractions
Function of skeletal system
Protection
Shape
Support
Movement
Blood production
Different type of joints & examples
Pivot
Ball and socket
Hinge
Saddle
Plane
Condyloid
Eg. High Jump
Eg. Marathon Run
Eg. Fartlek Training
Eg. Humeroulnar Joint
Its a metabolic process where cells convert foodstuffs into a biologically usable form of energy
Eg. Acetabulofemoral joint
.
Standing Upright
Facing Forward
Arms to the Side
Palms Forward
Legs Parallel
Toes Pointing Forward
Fuel for exercise
Eg. Glenohumeral joint
Fat (Fatty acids & Triglycerides)
Protein
Carbohydrates
Proximal - Distal
Superficial - Deep
Medial - Lateral
Superior - Inferior
Anterior - Posterior
Eg. Manubrium and Clavicle
Eg. Metacarpal bone of thumb and trapezium
Eg. Radius and carpal bone of wrist
Eg. Starch
Elbow
.
Rhomboid (Fixator)
Biceps Brachii (Synergist)
Triceps Brachii (Antagonist)
Brachialis (Agonist)
Eg. Tensor Fasciae Latae
Eg. Piriformis
Eg. Ilipsoas
Eg. Sartorius
Eg. Adductor Brevis
Eg. Glutues Maximus
Eg. Quadriceps
Eg. Hamstring Group
Eg. Tibialis Anterior
Eg. Gastrocnemius
Flexion
Lateral Flexion
Eg. Rectus Abdominis
Eg. Internal oblique & External Oblique