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REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT - Coggle Diagram
REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT
ENLIGHTENMENT
An eighteenth-century philosophical movement
Intellectuals were impressed with Scientific Revolution
Their favorite word:
reason
application of the scientific method to
an understanding of all life.
Isaac Newton
The Newtonian world-machine
The physical world and everything in
it was like a giant machine
John Locke
Every person was born with a tabula rasa, or blank mind
People were molded by the experiences
PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR IDEAS
Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet
Known for his criticism of Christianity and his strong belief in religious toleration.
Treatise on Toleration
- 1763
Championed deism
The universe was like a clock
Diderot
Denis Diderot
Famous contribution
Encyclopedia
“change the general way of thinking.”
Classified Disctionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades
Montesquieu
Charles-Louis de Secondat
The Spirit of the Laws
- 1748
Three basic kinds of government
Republics (small states)
Monarchies (moderate-size states)
Despotism (large states)
England's government
Excecutive (monarch)
Legislative (parliament)
Judicial (courts and law)
It funcionated through a
separation of powers
TOWARDS A NEW SOCIAL SCIENCE
Economics
The Physiocrats
French group
Interested in identifying the natural economic laws that governed human society
Individuals were free to pursue their own economic self-interest
Laissez-faire
“to let (people) do (what they want).”
Adam Smith
The Wealth of Nations
- 1776
Believed that the state should not interfere in economic matters
Gave to government only three basic
roles
Protecting society from invasion (the army)
Defending citizens from injustice (the police)
Keeping up certain public works
Beccaria and Justice
System of courts to deal with the punishment of crime
The need to deter crime in age when a state's police force was too weak
Cesare Beccaria
On Crimes and Punishments
- 1764,
Punishments should not be exercises in brutality
Opposed capital punishment
“Is it not absurd, that the laws, which punish murder,
should, in order to prevent murder, publicly commit
murder themselves?”
THE LATER ENLIGHTENMENT
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Argued that people had adopted laws and government in order to preserve their private property
Social contract
An entire society agrees
to be governed by its general will
Women should be educated for their roles as wives and mother
Rights of women
Female thinkers began to express their ideas about improving the condition of women
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley
The founder of the European and American movements for women’s rights
"Make women rational creatures, and free citizens, and they will quickly become good wives"
Famous novel:
Frankenstein.
Because women have reason, then they are
entitled to the same rights as men.
Social World of the Enlightenment
Enlightenment was not a movement belonging
exclusively to the nobles and aristocrats
The growth of reading
Publishing and the reading public
New reading public of the middle classes, which
included women and urban artisans.
The development of magazines for the general public
Daily newspapers (1st one in London - 1702)
The Salon
The elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class's great urban houses
They brought writers and artists together.
RELIGION IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The Catholic parish church remained an important center of life for the entire community
Protestant churches settled into well-established patterns
John Wesley
Methodism
Stressed the importance of hard work and
encouraged behaviors
His experience led him to become missionary
"to lower religion to the level of the lowest people's capacities
BACKGROUND
Scientifics believed first in Aristotle
Then his theories would be discarted by new discoveries
Ptolemaic system
The universe is a series of concentric spheres, one inside the other.
Nicholas Copernicus
Publication of his famous book "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)
Heliocentric system
He believed this was better than the geocentric system (Ptolemaic system)
A sun-centered concept of the universe was more accurate
Planets revolving around the sun
Sun movement around Earth caused by daily rotation of the latter
Galileo Galilei
Italian scientific of the 17th century
Faces Inquisition due to his discoveries (1632)
Found guilty of heresy and disobedience
Sets new path. Scientific Revolution, a new way of viewing the world
What are the planets made of? They are composed of material substance just as Earth
"The Starry Mesenger" (1610)
Church ordered Galileo to abandon Copernican idea
Humans no longer center of the universe
God no longer in a specific place
Johannes Kepler
Mathematician
Laws of planetary motion
1st law: Orbits of the planets weren't circular. Contradiction to the spheres in the Ptolemaic system
Confirmed Sun was the center of the universe
Issac Newton
Author of "Principia", where he defined the three lawsof motion that govern the planetary objects, as well as Earth ones
Universal law of gravitation
"Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity"
New picture of the universe: huge, regulated, uniform machine that worked sollowing natural laws
Revolution of Medicine
Andreas Vesalius
New anatomy of the 16th century
"On the Fabric of the Human Body" (1543)
William Harvey
Stated that heart was the beginning of the circulation of blood
Same blood flows in veins and arteries
Blood makes a complete circulation
René Descartes
Philosopher
"Discourse on Method", importance of his own mind
"I think, therefore I am"
Principle of the separation of the mind and the matter
Father of the Modern Rationalism
Modern Sciences
Margaret Cavendish
"Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy"
"Humans have no power over natural causes and effect"
Maria Winkelman
Discoverd a comet
After her husband's death, she applied for the position of assistant astronomer. Though qualified, she was denied the post due to her genre.
This was a reflection of the obstacles women had to face in order to be accepted as scientist
Francis Bacon
Scientific Method: Systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence.
Crucial for science in the modern world
"Systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypothesis" He thought all this would lead to correct general principles
Science should benefit industry, agriculture and trade
Used to conquer nature in action
THE IMPACT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The Arts
Architecture and Art
Grandiose residences
French classical style of Versailles
Balthasar Neumann’s two masterpieces are the Church of the Fourteen Saints in southern Germany and the Residence
The baroque and neoclassical styles
New artistic style known as
rococo
Emphasized grace, charm, and
gentle action
Made use of delicate designs
colored in gold with graceful curves
Style was highly secular
Pleasure, happiness and love.
Sense of enchantment and enthusiasm
Music
Bach
Renowned organist and composer
Music director at the Church of Saint Thomas in
Leipzig
Mass in B Minor
Handel
Religious music
Messiah
Haydn
Director for wealthy Hungarian princes.
The Creation and The Seasons.
Mozart
Child prodigy
The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic
Flute, and Don Giovanni
Literature
Novel was attractive to a growing number
of middle-class readers
Henry Fielding
The History of
Tom Jones, a Foundling
Scenes of English life
His characters reflect real
types in eighteenth-century English society
Enlightenment and Enlightened Absolutism
Prussia: Army and Bureucracy
Two able Prussian kings, Frederick William I and Frederick II
Efficient bureaucracy of civil service workers
Values were obedience, honor, and, above all, service to the king
The officers in the Prussian army had a strong sense of service to the king or state
Frederick the Great versed in the ideas
of the Enlightenment
Abolished the use of torture except in treason and murder cases.
Kept Prussia’s serfdom and rigid social structure intact
The Austrian Empire
Jospeh II believed in the need to sweep
away anything standing in the path of reason
He abolished serfdom, eliminated the death penalty,
He alienated the Catholic Church with his religious reforms
"Here lies Joseph II who was unfortunate in everything that he undertook"
Maria Theresa worked to centralize the Empire and estrengthen the power of the state
A sprawling empire with many nationalities, languages, religions and cultures
The great European state by the
beginning of the eighteenth century
A new type of monarchy emerged in the later eighteenth century
Russia under Catherine the Great(1762-1796)
She was familiar with the works of the philosophes
She seemed to favor enlightened reforms
French philosophe Denis Diderot
“As man to man.”
An ambitious program of political and financial reform
“Would have turned everything in my kingdom
upside down.”
Equality of all people in the eyes of the law
She did nothing
Her success depended on the support of the
Russian nobility
Policy of favoring the landed nobility
Worse conditions for the Russian peasants
All rural reform was halted
Serfdom was expanded into newer parts of the empire
Rebellion
Her policies of territorial expansion
Russia spread southward to the Black Sea by defeating
the Turks under Catherine’s rule
To the west, Russia gained about 50 percent of Poland’s territory
Enlightened Absolutism?
All three rulers were chiefly guided by a concern for the power and well-being of their states
Heightened state power in Prussia, Austria, and Russia
Wage wars
Gain more power
Collect more taxes and thus to create armies
The 7 years war (1756–1763)
The War in North America
French North America (Canada and Louisiana)
It was valuable for
Leather
Fish
Fur
Timber
Its colonies were thinly populated
British North America
13 prosperous colonies on the eastern coast of the USA
The British colonies were more populated
They fought over two primary
areas in North America
The waterways of the Gulf of St. Lawrence
It was protected by the fortress of Louisbourg and by forts that
guarded French Quebec
The unsettled Ohio River valley
The French were forced to make peace
Treaty of Paris
They transferred Canada and the lands east of
the Mississippi to England
Their ally Spain transferred Spanish Florida to British control
The French gave their Louisiana territory to the Spanish
Great Britain had become the world’s
greatest colonial power (1763)
The War in India
The British won out
They were more persistent.
With the Treaty of Paris in 1763
The French withdrew
They left India to the British
The War in Europe
British and Prussians vs Austrians, Russians, and French
Peter III, a new Russian czar
He withdrew Russian troops from the conflict and from the Prussian lands that the Russians had occupied.
A stalemate
The desire for
peace
It ended in 1763
All occupied erritories were returned to their original owners
Austria officially recognized Prussia’s permanent control of Silesia
COLONIAL EMPIRES AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Colonial Empires in Latin America
Portugal
Brazil
Spain
Central America
Most of South America
North America
Economic Foundations
Abundant supplies of gold and silver
Farming
Trade
Tabacco
Diamonds
Sugar
Animal hides
State and Church
Spanish and Portuguese rulers were determined to Christianize the native peoples
Catholic missionaries
Dominicans
Franciscans
Jesuits
The Catholic Church built
Cathedrals
Hospitals
Orphanages
School
They taught Native American students the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic
Convents
The American Revolution
April 1775
Fighting erupted between colonists and the
British army in Lexington and Concord,
Massachusetts
July 4, 1776
Second Continental Congress
approved a declaration of independence
By Thomas Jefferson
“Free and independent states absolved from all
allegiance to the British Crown.”
Foreign Support and British Defeat
France
Arms
Money
They served in Washington’s army
Spain
Dutch Republic
The Treaty of
Paris, signed in 1783
The independence of the
American colonies
It granted the Americans control of the western territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River
The Birth of a New Nation
The creation of the Constitution made
Enlightenment concepts
Liberty
Representative government a reality for the first time
The Articles of Confederation, the American
nation’s first constitution (1781)
In 1787
55 delegates met in
Philadelphia to revise the Articles
It is known as the Constitutional Convention
The convention’s delegates decided to write a plan
for an entirely new national government
Constitution
Federal System
The national government
Raise an army
Regulate trade
Levy taxes
Create a national currency
The state governments
It was divided into 3 branches
The second branch (legislative)
The Senate
The House of Representatives
The third branch (judicial)
The Supreme Court and other courts by Congress
They enforce the Constitution as the “supreme law of the
land.”
The first branch (executive)
A president served as the chief executive
Veto the legislature’s acts,
Supervise foreign affairs
Execute laws
Direct military forces
The Bill of Rights
These 10 amendments guaranteed
Freedom
Speech
Press
Religion
Petition
Assembly
embodiment of the Enlightenment’s political dreams
A new age and
a better world could be achieved
