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The First Two Years - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Primary circular reactions
        
        First of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, involving the infant's body
        
        The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli and tries to understand them
        
        First two stages
        
        Stage one
        
        Stage of reflexes
        
        Lasts a month
        
        Reflexes become deliberate actions
        
        Sensations lead to perception
        
        Perception leads to cognition
        
        Cognition leads back to sensation
        
        Stage two
        
        Acquired adaptations or stage of first habits
        
        Reflexes adjust to whatever responses they elicit
        
        Adaptation is cognitive
        
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        Lasts 1 to 4 months
      - Secondary circular reactions
        
        Second of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence involving people and objects
        
        Infants respond to other people, toys, and other objects they can touch or move
        
        Stage 3 and 4
        
        Stage 3
        
        4 to 8 months
        
        Infants attempt to produce exciting experiences and interesting sights last
        
        Realizes that rattles make noises and waves their arms and laugh when a rattle is in their hand
        
        The sight of something delightful can trigger active efforts for interaction
        
        Stage 4
        
        8 months to a year
        
        New adaptation and anticipation or the means to the end
        
        Babies may ask for help to accomplish what they want
        
        Thinking is more innovative because adaptation is more complex
      - Tertiary circular reactions
        
        Third of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence involving active exploration and experimentation
        
        Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world
        
        Stage 5 and 6
        
        Stage 5
        
        12 to 18 months
        
        New means through active experimentation
        
        The little scientist
        
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        Stage 6
        
        18 to 24 months
        
        Mental combinations
        
        Intellectual experimentation though imagination
        
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  - - - Output might be uncovering a hidden toy, uttering a sound, or staring at one photo longer than another
      - Newborns cry as a reflex when hungry
        
        Infants fuss, look for mother when hearing her voice, reach to be picked up, and nuzzle breast
        
        By age 1, infants make gestures or verbalize that they are hungry
    - - An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment
        
        Affordance is perceived and acted depending on four factors
        
        Senses
        
        Motivation
        
        Maturation
        
        Experience
        
        Visual cliff
        
        An experimental apparatus that gives the illusion of a sudden drop off between one horizontal surface and another
        
        6 month olds move towards urging mother
        
        10 month olds refuse to move
    - - Within the first weeks, infants recognize their caregiver by face, voice, and smell
      - Memory improves month by month
        
        Sensory and caregiver memories are apparent in first month
        
        Motor memory by 3 months
        
        More complex memories by 9 months
      - Adults rarely remember events that occurred before they were 3
        
        Memories fade with time
        
        Children cannot verbalize what happened when they were babies
      - Memories are particularly evident if
        
        Motivation and emotion is high
        
        Retrieval is strengthened by reminders and repetition
        
        Reminder session
        
        A perceptual experience that helps a person recollect an idea, thing, or experience
  - - - Newborns prefer to listen to the language their mother spoke when they were in the womb
        
        They are familiar with the rhythm, sound, and cadence
      - Young infants attend to voices more than mechanical sound and look at the facial expressions of someone talking to them
        
        Child directed speech or baby talk
        
        High pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants and children
      - By 4 months
        
        Babies squeal, growl, grunt, croon, and yell to communicate
      - By 7 months
        
        Infants begin to recognize words that are distinctive
        
        Infants like alliteration, rhymes, melody, rhythm, and varied pitch
    - - Babbling
        
        Repetition of certain syllables
        
        Occurs between 6 and 9 months
        
        Before infants start talking, they become aware of the patterns of speech
        
        Which sounds are commonly spoken together
        
        Infants notice the relationship between mouth movements and sound
        
        Towards the end of the first year, babbling begins too imitate the native language
        
        Infants imitate accents, cadence, consonants of the language they hear
      - Gesturing
        
        Become a powerful means of communication
        
        Pointing is an early gesture
        
        Well developed by 12 months
    - - At about a year, the average baby can utter a few words
      - The first months of the second year, spoken vocabulary increases gradually, meaning are learned rapidly
      - The first words are labels for familiar things and are soon accompanied by gestures, facial expressions, nuances of tone, loudness, and cadence
        
        Holophrases
        
        A single word that is used to express a complete and meaningful thought
    - - A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary
      - Starts at 18 months but doubles at 21 months
      - Many early words are nouns
      - Between 12 and 18 months, almost every infant learns the name if each significant caregiver, sibling, sometimes their favorite food or to elimination
    - - Grammar
        
        All of the methods that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from words themselves
        
        Typically happens between 18 and 24 months
        
        By age 2, three words are combines
      - Mean length of utterance
        
        The average number of words in a typical sentence
    - - Infants need to be taught
        
        Learning is acquired, step by step, through association and reinforcement
        
        Parents are expert teachers
        
        Repetition strengthens associations
        
        Well taught infants become articulate, highly verbal children
      - Social impulses foster infant language
        
        Social pragmatic
        
        Infants communicate because humans are social beings
        
        Infants seek to master words and grammar to join the social world
        
        Emotional messages of speech propel communication
        
        Educational programs for children are evidence
      - Infants teach themselves
        
        Language learning is genetically programmed to begin at a certain stage
        
        Language is experience-expectant
        
        As the developing brain quickly and efficiently connects neurons to support whichever language the infant hears
- - - - Growth is expressed in percentiles
        
        A ranking scale of 0 to 100
    - - Newborns lose several ounces in the first three days
      - Weight is gained an ounce a day for months
      - Birthweight doubles by 4 months
      - Weight triples by a year
      - A typical baby grows 10 inches in a year
    - - Regular and ample sleep correlates with normal brain maturation, learning, emotional regulation, academic success, and psychological adjustment
        
        Sleep deprivation can cause poor health
      - Newborns sleep about 15 to 17 hours
        
        Hours of sleeping decreases rapidly with maturity
        
        First 2 months
        
        14.25 hours
        
        Next three months
        
        13.25 hours
        
        6 to 17 months
        
        12.75 hours
      - Full term newborns spend half their sleep in REM
        
        Sleep stage characterized by flickering of eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves
        
        REM sleep declines over the early weeks
      - Transitional sleep declines over the early weeks
        
        Dozing half-away stage
      - Quiet sleep increases at 3 or 4 months
        
        Slow wave sleep
    - - From two weeks after conception to two years after birth the brain grows rapidly
      - Anything that temporarily slows eating causes body weight to be affected before brain weight
        
        Head sparing
        
        A biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth
      - At birth, the brain contains more neurons than needed
        
        Nerve cells in the central nervous system
        
        Newborn's brains has fewer dendrites, axons, and synapses, and much less myelin
        
        A fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses from other neurons
        
        A fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses to other neurons
        
        Transient exberance
        
        Early dendrite growth during the first two years
        
        The intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another
        
        The coating on axons the speeds transmission of signals from one neuron to another
      - Pruning
        
        The process that unusual connections in the brain atrophy and die
      - Experience expectant growth
        
        Brain functions that require basic common experiences in order to develop normally
      - Experience dependent growth
        
        Brain functions that depend on particular, variable experiences and therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant
  - - - All senses function at birth
        
        Very young babies use all their senses to attend to everything
      - Sensation
        
        The response of a sensory organ when it detects a stimulus
      - Hearing
        
        Develops during the last trimester
        
        Certain sounds trigger reflexes
        
        Sudden noises startle newborns and makes them cry
        
        Eventually infants can pinpoint the source of noises
        
        Requires instant calculation of the difference between sound reaching the left and right ear
      - Seeing
        
        Vision is immature at birth
        
        The eyes open and are sensitive to bright light during mid pregnancy
        
        Experience and maturation of the visual cortex improves the ability to see shapes and notice details
        
        Vision improves rapidly
        
        Perception requires paying attention to sensation
        
        Binocular vision
        
        The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image
        
        Occurs between 2 and 4 months
      - Tasting and smelling
        
        Rapidly adapt to the social context
        
        Foods of a particular culture may aid in survival because some natural substances are medicinal
        
        Bitter foods may provide some defense against malaria
        
        Hot spices help preserve food and work against food poisoning
        
        Food preferences are passed to their children
        
        Adaptation occurs for the sense of smell
        
        Babies learn to recognize each person's scent
        
        Babies prefer sleeping next to their caregivers and nuzzle into their chests
      - Touch and pain
        
        Pain and temperature are not among the traditional 5 but are associated with touch
        
        Some babies cry when being changed or are distressed at sudden coldness on their skin
        
        When a baby's eyes are closed, some stop crying and visibly relax when securely held
        
        Wrapping, rubbing, massaging, and cradling are soothing
    - - The learned ability to move some part of the body
      - Begins with reflexes which become skills when practiced and encouraged
      - Gross motor skills
        
        Physical abilities involving large body movements
        
        First infants control their head
        
        Lifting up to look around
        
        Then their upper body
        
        Arms
        
        Then their legs and feet
        
        Sitting requires muscles to steady the torso
        
        By 3 months, most babies can sit propped up in a lap
        
        By 6 months, they can usually sit unsupported
        
        Crawling
        
        As they gain muscle strength, infants wiggle and attempt to move forward by pushing their arms, shoulders, and upper bodies against surfaces they are laying on
        
        Usually by 5 months, infants add their legs to the effort
        
        Inching forward or backwards on their belly
        
        Between 8 and 10 months, most infants can lift their midsection and move forward or backwards
        
        A soon as infants are able, they attempt to get up and walk
      - Fine motor skills
        
        Physical abilities involving small body movements
        
        Finger movement, movement on tongue, jaw, lips, and toes
        
        Newborns have a strong reflexive grasp but lack control in their hand
        
        During the first 2 months
        
        Babies stare and wave their arms at objects dangling within reach
        
        By 3 months
        
        Babies can usually touch objects
        
        Limited hand-eye coordination prevents them from grabbing and holding on.
        
        By 4 months
        
        Infants sometimes grab but their timing is off
        
        They close their hands too early or too late
        
        By 6 months
        
        With a concentrated, deliberate stare, most babies can reach, grab and grasp almost any object that is the right size
        
        Toward the end of the first year
        
        Finger skills improve as babies master the pincer movement and self feeding