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The First Two Years - Coggle Diagram
The First Two Years
Cognitive development
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Information processing
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Affordance
An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment
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Visual cliff
An experimental apparatus that gives the illusion of a sudden drop off between one horizontal surface and another
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Memory
Within the first weeks, infants recognize their caregiver by face, voice, and smell
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Language
Listening and responding
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Young infants attend to voices more than mechanical sound and look at the facial expressions of someone talking to them
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By 4 months
Babies squeal, growl, grunt, croon, and yell to communicate
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Babbling and gesturing
Babbling
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Before infants start talking, they become aware of the patterns of speech
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Towards the end of the first year, babbling begins too imitate the native language
Infants imitate accents, cadence, consonants of the language they hear
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First words
At about a year, the average baby can utter a few words
The first months of the second year, spoken vocabulary increases gradually, meaning are learned rapidly
The first words are labels for familiar things and are soon accompanied by gestures, facial expressions, nuances of tone, loudness, and cadence
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The naming explosion
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Between 12 and 18 months, almost every infant learns the name if each significant caregiver, sibling, sometimes their favorite food or to elimination
Putting words together
Grammar
All of the methods that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from words themselves
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By age 2, three words are combines
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Biosocial development
Body changes
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Sleep
Regular and ample sleep correlates with normal brain maturation, learning, emotional regulation, academic success, and psychological adjustment
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Brain development
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At birth, the brain contains more neurons than needed
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Newborn's brains has fewer dendrites, axons, and synapses, and much less myelin
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Perceiving and moving
The senses
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Seeing
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Experience and maturation of the visual cortex improves the ability to see shapes and notice details
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Touch and pain
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When a baby's eyes are closed, some stop crying and visibly relax when securely held
Wrapping, rubbing, massaging, and cradling are soothing
Motor skills
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Gross motor skills
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Crawling
As they gain muscle strength, infants wiggle and attempt to move forward by pushing their arms, shoulders, and upper bodies against surfaces they are laying on
Usually by 5 months, infants add their legs to the effort
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Between 8 and 10 months, most infants can lift their midsection and move forward or backwards
A soon as infants are able, they attempt to get up and walk
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