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CONVERSATIONAL MESSAGES - Coggle Diagram
CONVERSATIONAL MESSAGES
Principles of Conversation
Feed Forward
Give a general idea of the conversation’s focus
May identify the tone or time required in the conversation
Example : ‘Did you hear what happened in class yesterday?’
To open the channels of communication
To tell whether the person willing to communicate
To preview the message
The importance
The form or style
To preview the content of the message
The positive or negative quality of subsequent messages
To Disclaim
Statement that aims to ensure that your message will be understood as you want it to be and will not reflect negatively on you
To Altercast
Use to place the receiver in a specific role and to request responses in terms of this assumed role
Effective Feedforward
To estimate the receptivity of the person to what you’re going to say
Use feedforward that’s consistent with your subsequent message
The more important or complex the message, the more important and more extensive your feedforward needs to be
Opening
Start with greeting:
example; “Hye, How are you?”, “Hello, this is aus”
Phatic communication:
Message between two people and opens up the channels of interaction
Verbal or non-verbal
example; Smile, kiss or handshake – opening as “Hello”
Conversation
.
Relatively informal social interaction in which the roles of speaker and hearer are exchanged in a nonautomatic fashion under the collaboration management of all parties
Business
Term business is used to emphasize that most conversations are goal directed
Taboos – topics or language that should be avoided, especially by outsiders
Focus of your conversation
Example ; Disscussing about bullfighting
Feedback
The reverse of the second step
To signal as far as you’re concerned
Effective Feeback
Positive-Negative
Positive feedback tells the speaker he or she on the right track
Negative feedback tells the speaker that something is wrong
Person focused-Message Focused
May center on the person (You’re sweet)
May center on the message (Can you repeat that number)
Immediate-delayed
Feedback is sent immediately example : you smile
Feedback may be delayed example : you asked question at the end of the lecture
Low-Monitoring-High Monitoring Feedback
Varies from the spontaneous and totally honest reaction (low monitored feedback) to the carefully constructed response designed to serve a specific purpose (highmonitored)
You allow your responses to show without any monitoring (low) and you’re waiting for your boss in giving instruction (high)
Supportive-Critical
Accepts the speaker and what the speaker says (supportive)
Evaluative and judgmental (critical)
Closing
Reveals how satisfied the persons were with the conversation (the goodbye)
Example:
‘I hope you’ll call soon’
‘Give me a call tomorrow morning?’
Suggestions on closing conversation:
Reflect back on the conversation and briefly summarize it so as to bring it to a close
Directly state the desire to end the conversation and to get on with other things
Refer to future interaction
Ask for closure
State that you enjoyed the interaction
Principles of cooperation
Implicitly agree to cooperate in trying to understand what each other is saying
Cooperate by using four conversational maxims: principles that speakers and listeners in many other cultures follow in conversation
The Maxim of Quality
Say what you know or assume to be true and do not say what you know to be false
You assume that the other person’s information is true
Example : When you speak with people who is lying, you come to distrust such individuals are saying
The Maxim of Quantity
Include information that the meaning clear
The simple maxim is frequently in an email communication
Example:
“When did this happen?”
“Who else was there?”
The Maxim of Relation
Talk about what is relevant to the conversation
The Maxim of Manner
Be clear, avoid ambiguities, be brief, and organize your thoughts into a meaningful sequence
Use terms that the listeners understands and clarify terms that you suspect the listener will not understand
Example:
When talking with a child, you adjust your manner of speaking on the basis of the information you and the listener share
Principles of Dialogue
Monologue
Communication in which one person speaks and the other listens
There is no real interaction among participants
You speak without any real concern for the other person’s feeling or attitudes
Dialogue
There is two-way interaction
Concern for the other person and the relationship between two people
Mutual understanding and empathy
Principles of Turn Taking
Speaker Cues
Turn-maintaining cues
Help you maintain the speaker’s role
Avoiding eye contact with the listener so there’s no indication that you’re passing the speaking turn to him or her
Vocalizing pauses (‘er’, ‘um’) to prevent the listener from speaking and to show that you are still talking
Turn-yielding cues
Tell the listener that you’re finished and wish to exchange the role of speaker for that of listener
example :You indicate that you’ve finished speaking by dropping your intonation, prolonged silence and asking some general question Listener cues
Listener cues
Turn-requesting cues
Let the speaker know that you’d like to take a turn as speaker
Example:
“I’d like to say something”
Use vocalized ‘er’ or ‘um’ that tells speaker you like to speak
Turn-denying cues
Other ways to refuse a turn are to avoid eye contact with the speaker
Example:
“I don’t know”
Coughing or blowing your nose
Back – Channeling Cues
Use to communicate various types of information back to speaker without your assuming the role of speaker
Use to communicate various types of information back to speaker without your assuming the role of speaker
Example: “mm-hm”, “uh-huh” and “yeah”
Four most important messages includes:
To indicate agreement or disagreement
To indicate degree of involvement
To pace the speaker
To ask for clarification
Interruptions
An attempts to take over the role of the speaker
Interpreted as attempts to change the topic to a subject that the interrupter knows more about or to emphasize the person’s authority