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The periodic table:, UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_168 - Coggle Diagram
The periodic table:
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Definitions: They are some definitions that help us to understand easily the organization of the periodic table.
Group A vertical column of the Periodic Table containing elements with similar properties with the same number
of electrons in their outer energy levels. They have an increasing number of inner energy levels as you descend the group.
Displacement reaction A reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from solution.
Metalloid (semi-metal) Any of the class of chemical elements intermediate in properties between metals and non-metals, for example boron and silicon.
Periods Horizontal rows of the Periodic Table. Within a period the atoms of all the elements have the same number of occupied energy levels but have an increasing number of electrons in the outer energy level.
Transition elements The elements found in the centre of the Periodic Table, between Groups II and III.
The position of hydrogen:
Hydrogen is often placed by itself in the Periodic Table.
This is because the properties of hydrogen are unique.
Uses:
The periodic table is used to organize the elements .
This organization made up by groups, help us to find and localized easier the elements.
Can be used to predict the properties of the elements.
The information included in this table(such as atomic number and mass) let us to solve chemical exercises.
Help us to discover and learn about the elements.
Development
Scientists started to look for a way in which to categorise the known elements around 200 years ago.
other scientists had also attempted to categorise the known elements.
In 1865, John Newlands, an English chemist, arranged the 56 known elements in order of increasing atomic weight. He realised when he did this that every eighth element in the series was similar.
H, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K
He likened this to music and called it the ‘Law of Octaves’. It fell down, however, because some of the weights were inaccurate and there were elements that had not been discovered then.
Mendeleev’s classification proved to be the most successful. Mendeleev arranged all the 63 known elements in order of increasing atomic weight but in such a way that elements with similar properties were in the same vertical column. He called the vertical columns groups and the horizontal rows periods (Figure 9.2). If necessary he left gaps in the table. Also he discover some symbols of the elements. His periodic table was quickly accepted by scientists. He order the elements in 8 differents groups.
In 1817, Johann Döbereiner noticed that the atomic weight (now called atomic mass) of strontium fell midway between the weights of calcium and barium. These were elements which possessed similar chemical properties. They formed a triad of elements. Other triads were also discovered, composed of:
chlorine, bromine, iodine lithium, sodium, potassium
He called this the ‘Law of Triads’.
The Periodic Table was devised in 1869 by the Russian Dmitri Mendeleev, who was the Professor of Chemistry at St Petersburg University (Figure 9.1). His periodic table was based on the chemical and physical properties of the 63 elements that had been discovered at that time.
The Periodic Table is a vital tool used by chemists to predict the way in which elements react during chemical reactions. It is a method of categorising elements according to their properties.
Electronic structure: The number of electrons in the outer energy level correspond with the number of the group in the Periodic table in which the element is found.There are divided in alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, the halogens and the noble gases.
The alkali metals, consists on the five metals lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium, and the radioactive element francium.
Lithium, sodium and potassium are commonly available for use in school. They are all very reactive metals and they are stored under oil to.
The further down the group you go the more reactive the metals become. Francium is, therefore, the most reactive Group I metal.
Potassium is more reactive because less energy is required to remove the outer electron from its atom than for lithium or sodium. This is because as you go down the group the size of the atoms increases and the outer electron gets further away from the nucleus and becomes easier to remove.
The alkaline earth metals:This group consists on the five metals beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium, and the radioactive element radium.
Magnesium and calcium are generally available for use in school. These metals have the following properties.
They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
They react with water, but they do so much less vigorously than the elements in Group I.
They burn in oxygen or air with characteristic flame
colors to form solid white oxides.
Considering the group as a whole, the further down the group you go, the more reactive the elements become.
The halogens, consists on four elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, and the radioactive element astatine.
Of these five elements, chlorine, bromine and iodine are generally available for use in school.
These elements are coloured and darken going down the group.
They exist as diatomic molecules, for example Cl2, Br2 and I2.
They show a gradual change from a gas.
They form molecular compounds with other non- metallic elements, for example HCl.
They react with hydrogen to produce the hydrogen halides, which dissolve in water to form acidic solutions.
Noble gases: Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and the radioactive element radon make up a most unusual group of non-metals, called the noble gases.
They were all discovered after Mendeleev had published his periodic table.
They are colourless gases.
They are monatomic gases – they exist as individual
atoms, for example He, Ne and Ar.
They are very unreactive.
An alternative name for Group 0 is Group VIII
Personal reflection
This work allow me to learn more about the organization of the elements.
I learned more about what is the periodic table.
Now I know the origins of the periodic table.
This work teach me, that the periodic table it's more than what we see, each element and number had it's reason.
Transition of elements
characteristics:
They have high melting points (except for mercury, which is a liquid at room temperature).
They are less reactive metals.
They form a range of brightly coloured compounds
They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
They do not react correctly with oxygen and/or water.
Transition:These elements can be converted into different shapes, which will then be used for everyday things.
Iron can be moulded into different shapes and can be use in gates and other useful things.
Copper can be melt and use for jewelry.
zinc can be use to prevent the steel in multiples cases, like in buckets.
Monel is an alloy of nickel and copper. It is extremely resistant to
corrosion, even that caused by sea water.
Alloy stainless steels contains a high proportion of chromium , with makes it corrosion resistant. This can be use for kitchen elements.
This elements have a partially filled d or f sub shell in any common oxidation state.
