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The Periodic Table., Nickel and chromium are mixed with iron to make a…

- - - - It has one outer electron, and forms a positive ion, like metals.
      - It is a gas.
      - Sits alone in the table.
      - Reacts like a non-metal.
    - - The ones in middle.
      - All are metals.
    - - Metals are on the right of the zig zag line and the non-metals in the left.
      - Over 80% of the elements are metals.
    - - Found in the lowest block.
      - Radioactive.
      - Atoms break down very quickly.
      - Elements created in a lab.
      - From neptunium (Np) to lawrencium (Lr).
    - - Tells you the number of electron shells in the atoms.
- - - - Green gas.
    - - Red liquid.
    - - Yellow gas.
    - - Black solid.
  - - - why?
        
        Because they need just one more electron to reach a stable outer shell of 8 electrons. Having a strong drive to react with other elements.
        
        Metal atoms
        
        Accept electrons, forming halide ions.
        
        Non-metal atoms
        
        Share electrons, forming molecules with covalent bonds.
    - - Chlorine water + colorless solution of potassium bromine = orange solution.
        
        Cl2 (aq) + 2KBr (aq) colorless + 2KCl (aq) + Br2 (aq) orange
        
        Bromine has been displaced.
      - Chlorine water + colorless solution of potassium iodide = red-brown solution.
        
        Iodine has been displaced.
        
        Cl2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) colorless + 2KCl (aq) + I2 (aq) red-brown
      - A halogen will displace a less reactive halogen from a solution of its halide.
    - - All Halogens react in a similar way because their atoms all have 7 valency (outer shell) electrons.
  - - - Room temperature
        
        Color gets deeper
        
        Density increases
      - Boiling point
        
        Boiling points increases.
    - - Most reactive elements in the periodic table.
      - React with metals to form compounds called halides.
        
        Reaction with Iron wool
        
        Chlorine
        
        FeCl3 (yellow solid)
        
        Bromine
        
        FeBr3 (red-brown solid)
        
        Fluorine
        
        FeF3 (pale green solid)
        
        Iodine
        
        FeI3 (black solid)
        
        Reactivity decreases.
- - - - Because their atoms already have a stable outer electron shell, which means there is no need to gain or lose any electron.
  - - - Used in advertising signs.
    - - Used in lasers.
        
        For example: Laser for eye surgery.
    - - Provide an inert atmosphere.
        
        To protect metals that are being welded, wont react with hot metals.
        
        As a filler in tungsten light bulbs.
    - - For example: Gives a light like bright daylight, but with a blue tinge.
    - - Used to fill balloons and airships. Because it is lighter than air and will not cacth fire.
  - - - Increases.
      - Increases attraction between atoms.
    - - Density increases.
    - - Increase in size.
      - Increase in mass.
- - - - Characteristics
        
        High melting points. Except mercury.
        
        Malleable, can be hammered into different shapes and ductile, can be drawn into wires.
        
        Hard, tough and strong.
        
        Good conductors of heat and electricity.
        
        High density.
        
        Variable oxidation states.
      - Examples
        
        Copper
        
        Reddish with a metalic lustre.
        
        Nickel
        
        Silvery with a metallic lustre.
        
        Iron
        
        Grey with a metalic lustre, shiny.
    - - Chemical reactions
        
        Poor reactants.
        
        Copper and nickel dont react with water.
        
        Do not corrode in the atmosphere, except iron.
        
        No trend in reactivity.
      - Formations
        
        Ions with different charges.
        
        Coloured compounds.
        
        More than one compound with another element.
        
        Complex ions.
  - - - Copper is used for electrical wiring.
  - - - Copper
      - Silver
      - Iron
- - - - Reaction with chlorine.
        
        Form chlorides.
        
        Burst into flame.
      - Reaction with oxygen.
        
        Form oxides.
        
        Burst into flame.
      - Reaction with water.
        
        Form hydrogen and hydroxide.
        
        Violent
    - - High reactive metals.
      - Trends.
        
        Down the elements the density increases.
        
        Down the elements the melting decreases.
        
        Down the elements the softness increases.
      - Good conductors of heat and electricity.
      - Softer than other metals.
      - Have a low density.
      - Low melting and boiling points.
  - - - Why?
        
        Because they need to lose only one electron to gain a stable outer shell. So they have a strong drive to react with other elements. They become ions.
    - - All the alkali metals react in a similar way because they have the same number of valency electrons.