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7 Morphology 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - vs
        
        sheep - sheep
        
        ox - oxen
  - - - man -> men
      - take -> took
      - Suppletion
        
        good better
        
        bad worse
        
        be are was
        
        go went
- - - - The markers for Sing/Plural form a closed system of discrete values(grammatical category), obligatory
  - - - ex
        
        huge
        
        gigantic
        
        enormous
        
        large...
      - do not form a closed system and are entirely optional
- - - - function word
        
        ex
        
        indefiniteness: a
        
        belonging to: of
      - order(S vs O)
        
        subject before verb etc..
      - def
        
        Analytic strategies separate grammatical information from lexical information using either free grammatical morphemes or constituent order to express contrasts
    - - inflection
        
        ex
        
        handed / simple past :
        
        belonging to "s" jimmy's
      - suppletion
        
        object
        
        ex
        
        (he handed) me..
      - def
        
        Synth. strategies express lexical and grammatical information within one word form, typically using bound grammatical morphemes(inflection)
- - - - Sing/Plural
        
        type
        
        synthetic
        
        ex
        
        noun: girl - girls
        
        pronoun: she-they
        
        verb: was-were
      - type
        
        synthetic
    - - common case/possessive case
        
        noun: girl - girl's
        
        synthetic
      - subject case/possesive case/object case
        
        personal pronoun
        
        ex
        
        we, our , us
        
        relative pronoun:
        
        ex
        
        who, whose, whom
    - - masculine
        
        he
      - feminine
        
        she
      - neuter
        
        it
      - type
        
        synthetic
    - - 1st
        
        we
        
        vs (PLURAL)
        
        inclusive
        
        you + me + others
        
        exclusive
        
        me + others
      - 2nd
        
        you
      - 3rd
        
        they
      - def
        
        grammatically encodes pragmatic roles
      - type
        
        synthetic
    - - indicative
        
        ex
        
        she leaves
      - subjunctive
        
        ex
        
        I insist that he leave
      - imperative
        
        ex
        
        leave!
      - subjunctive in many functions has been replaced by analytic means
        
        closed system of modality
        
        ex
        
        can
        
        may
        
        shall
        
        will
      - type
        
        synthetic
    - - present
        
        walk
      - past
        
        walked
    - - simple - progressive
        
        to be + present participle
      - type
        
        analytic
      - perfect (non- perfect)
        
        have + past participle
    - - vs
        
        active
        
        Object does not have to be mentioned
        
        passive
        
        Subject does not have to be mentioned..
        
        be + past participle
        
        type
        
        analytic
      - purpose
        
        change of focus
    - - positive
      - comparative
      - superlative
      - vs
        
        synthetic
        
        big bigger biggest
        
        soon sooner soonest
        
        analytic
        
        more/most eloquent
        
        more/most eloquently
- - - - citation form
    - - the meaning
    - - not analysable in terms of person/number/mood
        
        write (infinitive)
        
        writing(present participle)
        
        written (past participle)
        
        writing (gerund)