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Verbal Messages - Coggle Diagram
Verbal Messages
Verbal messages are those sent with words
Verbal messages consist of both oral and written words
Verbal refers to words, not to orality
Principles of Verbal Messages
Message Meanings Are in People
Meaning depends on packaging of messages[combination of verbal and non-verbal elements]
meanings are in people, not words
Bypassing is “the miscommunication pattern which occurs when the speaker and the receiver miss each other with their meanings”
Bypassing can take either of two forms:
Different Words
Same Meaning
Meanings Are Denotative and Connotative
Denotation of a word is its objective definition
Connotation is its subjective or emotional meaning
Messages Can Criticize and Praise
Guideline in expressing praise:
Use I-messages
Make sure your affect (facial expression of feelings) is positive
Take culture into consideration
Name the behavior you’re praising
Guideline to criticize positively:
Own your thoughts and feelings
Be clear
Consider the context of the criticism
Avoid ordering or directing
Messages Can Confirm and Disconfirm
Discorfirmation-ignores the other person’s presence and communication
Rejection – disagree or reject the person’s ideas or behaviors but still recognize the person
Confirmation – acknowledges and accepts the other person; leads to increased self-esteem
Offensive language of disconfirmation are:
Racism
Discrimination or prejudice based on race
Racist language – expresses racist attitudes
Individual racism – involves negative attitudes and beliefs that people hold about specific races
Institutionalized racism – organization reluctance to hire members of minority group
Heterosexism
Individual heterosexism – beliefs that homosexuals are likely to commit crime
Institutional heterosexism – country that ban on gay marriage
negative attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships
Heterosexist language- unfavorable terms used for lesbians and gay men
Ageism
prejudice against older people or different age groups.
Individual ageism – general disrespect many show toward older people and in negative stereotypes about older people
Institutional ageism – retirement laws and age restriction in certain occupations
Sexism
Individual sexism- consists of prejudicial attitudes and beliefs about men or women base on rigid beliefs about gender roles
Institutional sexism – discriminate against people because of their gender
Sexism language – language that puts down someone because of his or her gender
Guideline for Using Verbal Messages Effectively
Extensionalize ; avoid intentional orientation
Intentional orientation – view labels rather than things or people as they exist
Extensional orientation – view people or things as they are rather than how they are talked about their labels
See the individual: avoid allness
Allness orientation – judge whole based on experience with part
Nonallness orientation – there is always more to know and say
Distinguish between facts and inferences: avoid fact-inference confusion
Inferential statements – conclusions based on what you observed
Fact-inference confusion
Factual statements – description based on things you observed