Roger's broad path much more common amongst the elite

Overspecialisation can hurt an organisation when competing interests pull down the overall goal

The most effective learning does look slow, inefficient at the time.

Programs are raising kids to be specialised from young age e.g. chess kids case study

super computers doing tactics vs humans doing strategy, maximise efficiency

big picture problems which require insight in many fields still best solved by humans

Uni's only train core competencies in their field, NOT critical thinking skills e.g. Fermi's problem solving skills

Critical thinking to take knowledge from one field and apply it elsewhere is gold

Venetian music success born from charity houses which took in orphans - Pieta ,a ospedali. Developed world level skills.

Sampling, testing different skills/fields helped them have range and then develop their abilities

Using analogies to understand difficult problems and learn new knowledge e.g. Kepler discovering astrophysics by trying to understand motion of celestial objects

Learning by memorising procedure rather than making connections is bad for long term learning

Inside view - idea that having more detail, but limited info, about a problem causes you to miscalculate solutions

Outside view - taking the problem and applying a range of analogies/filters/scenarios before developing a solution leading to more innovative and accurate answers e.g. BCG catalouge

Vincent Van Gogh story, how he jumped around trying to find his purpose but not succeeding at his various jobs. Found his style at the end, painting, but died young. Became the most famous artist ever despite this life long journey of failed jobs.

Most successful research labs had people from broad backgrounds enabling use of analogies when problem solving. Diverse teams may be key to good results and difficult problem solving.

Winston Churchill's saying of keep going keep going only applies to things worth doing, after review of the pursuit

Matching ones skills and affinities is key, after sampling to get the information that helps inform a match

Solved problems or creative ideas often come from outside local domain experts - using knowledge from other experiences

Nintendo innovations came from using knowledge and available resources despite not being the cutting edge of technology

The frontier of knowledge often leaves areas of knowledge which haven't been well utilized and represent opportunities

Experts in fields are terrible at future predictions if they are hedgehods

'foxes' - have range in domains and are much better at predictions. Teams of foxes lead to super teams in solving problems.