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Chapter 10-12, Gene and Medication - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 10-12
DNA and RNA
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Sugar-phosphate backbone: the covalent bond between sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next.
Deoxyribonucleic acid: the full name of DNA. Deoxyribo is the form of the sugar. Nucleic because its in the nuclei and acid because the phosphate group.
Thymine (T), cytosine (C): is a nucleotide in DNA single ring structure called pyrimidnes.
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Transcription of a gene
RNA polymerase: the enzyme that moves along the gene forming new RNA by following base pairing rules.
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Promoter: specific nucleotide that acts as a binding site during RNA polymerase and determines where transcription starts.
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DNA
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Semi conservative model: A replication that half of the parental molecule is maintained in each daughter molecule.
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
tRNA: used to convert nucleic acids (codons) to amino acids of protein this is the molecular interpreter used.
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Ribosome: the structure in the cytoplasm the make the functioning of mRNA and tRNA catalyze the synthesis of polypeptides.
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Mutations affect genes
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Frameshift mutation: happens when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three.
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Bacteria transfer DNA
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Conjugation: union of two bacterial cells of the same or different species with a DNA transfer between them.
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Chapter 11
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Chromosome structure
Differentiation: when a cell becomes specialized in structure and function. A cell preforms a distinct role.
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Epigenetic inheritance: a trait that is inherited by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.
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Assemblies of proteins
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Alternative RNA splicing: when an organism can produce more than one type of polypeptide from a single gene.
Noncoding RNA
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Small interfering RNAs: similar in size to miRNA , part of the small RNA class.
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Histone: small protein molecule important in DNA packing. roughly equal parts of DNA and histone protein.
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Chapter 12
Gene editing
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Medicine
Vaccine: harmless mutant used to stimulate the immune system to mount defense against that pathogen.
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Transgenic organism: when a gene is transplanted from one organism to another. this is what the recombinant is called.
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DNA profiling
Repetitive DNA: nucleotide sequences that are present that are present in mulptitpe copies in the genome.
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Whole-genome shotgun method: method that clones and sequences of DNA fragments form randomly cut DNA derived from the entire genome.
Human Genome project: an endeavor to determine the nucleotide sequence of all DNA in the human genome and identify the location and sequence of every gene.
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