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Chapter 10-12, Gene and Medication - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Gene expression: process of how genetic info flows from genes to proteins.
      - Promoter: site where the transcript enzyme, RNA polymerase, attaches and starts transcription.
      - Operon: the stretch of DNA required for enzyme production.
      - Operator: between the promoter and the enzyme genes, this is the DNA control sequence.
      - Repressor: this is the protein that turns off transcription.
      - Regulatory gene: this codes the repressor.
      - Activator: proteins that turn operons on by binding to DNA and starting gene transcription.
  - - - Nucleosome: the bead that has DNA wound twice around a protein core of histone molecules.
      - Epigenetic inheritance: a trait that is inherited by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.
      - X-chromosome inactivation: when one of two x chromosomes in each cell is inactivated at random.
      - Barr body: inactive x in each cell of female condenses into this compact object.
    - - Transcription factors: the proteins that RNA polymerase requires.
      - Enhancers: binding activators to DNA control sequences.
      - Alternative RNA splicing: when an organism can produce more than one type of polypeptide from a single gene.
    - - microRNA's: small single stranded RNA.
      - Small interfering RNAs: similar in size to miRNA , part of the small RNA class.
      - RNA interference (RNAi): blocking of gene expression by siRNAs.
  - - - Nucleic acid hybridization: base pairing of one strand of nucleic acid to a complementary sequence on another strand.
      - DNA microarray: has tiny amounts of a large number of different single stranded fragments.
  - - - Clone: organism pushed through asexual reproduction from a single parent cell.
      - Regeneration: the regrowth of body parts.
      - Nuclear transplantation: how animal cloning happens.
      - Reproductive cloning: when you clone an animal.
    - - Therapeutic cloning: when producing ES cells to treat disease.
      - Adult stem cells: further along the road to differentiation than ES.
  - - - Proto-oncogene: normal cellular gene that can become an oncogene.
      - Tumor suppressor gene: genes in a cell that normal products inhibit cell division.
- - - - DNA technology: modern laboratory techniques for studying and manipulating genetic material.
      - Recombinant DNA: formed when scientists combine pieces of DNA from two different sources.
      - Genetic engineering: the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
      - Plasmids: small, circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the larger bacterial chromosome.
      - DNA cloning: the production of identical copies of a target segment of DNA.
      - Vector: gene carrier.
      - DNA ligase: joins the two DNA molecules by way of covalent bonds.
      - Clone: population of genetically identical cells.
      - Gene cloning: gene carrying segment of DNA.
    - - Restriction enzymes: cutting tools that are bacterial enzymes.
      - Restriction fragments: this cuts the DNA in precise points within sequence.
      - Restriction site: Short DNA sequence.
    - - Vaccine: harmless mutant used to stimulate the immune system to mount defense against that pathogen.
      - Genetically modified organisms (gmo): organisms that have acquired one or more genes by fake means.
      - Transgenic organism: when a gene is transplanted from one organism to another. this is what the recombinant is called.
    - - Reverse transcriptase: viral enzyme that can synthesize DNA from an RNA template.
      - Complementary DNA (cDNA): The DNA from reverse transcriptase procedure.
    - - Forensics: analyses of scientific data for crime scene investigators.
      - DNA profiling: analysis of DNA samples to determine if they came from the same person.
      - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Technique where a specific segment of DNA molecule can be quickly copied in lab.
      - Primers: short chemically synthesized single stranded DNA molecules with sequences that differ at each end of the target sequence.
      - Gel electrophoresis: method that separates macromolecules based on size, charge, or physical properties.
  - - - Short tandem repeat: DNA used in a short sequence repeated many times.
      - STR analysis: DNA profiling that compares the lengths of STR sequences at specific sites.
      - Genomics: study of complete sets of genes.
      - Whole-genome shotgun method: method that clones and sequences of DNA fragments form randomly cut DNA derived from the entire genome.
      - Human Genome project: an endeavor to determine the nucleotide sequence of all DNA in the human genome and identify the location and sequence of every gene.