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Life in Tanzania under Nyerere - Coggle Diagram
Life in Tanzania under Nyerere
The media:
Nyerere took steps to control the media when it was mentioned that his notion of democracy under Ujamaa was a cover for the abolition of free speech
Three months after the editorial had appeared, the editor was deported
The method employed by the government was to restrict what was written before it was published
All journalists had to be licensed by the government
Newspapers:
Newspapers were closed down or amalgamated
Within three years after the end of the colonial period in 196, any foreign-owned independent newspapers had closed or merged
The only newspaper that remained was the Daily News, which was owned by TANU and was used to spread propaganda
Radio:
Opposition voices found it hard to make themselves heard
There was only one national station, Radio Tanzania, which by 1975 was broadcasting to millions
All programmes were subjected to censorship
The arts:
The establishment of a Ministry of Culture and Youth
Formation of National Art Groups:
Set up dance and theatre companies which performed in cities and toured rural areas
Used state subsidies to keep ticket prices at a minimum
Selected promising children and provided them with financial grants
The arts as politics:
In order to serve the interests of the nation, the arts had to throw off the legacy of cultural imperialism
Preferment was given to artists, playwrights, poets etc. who were directly political and dealing with problems created by colonialism
Teams of actors went into schools and performed plays and staged readings which praised the efforts being made to live up to the principles of the Ujamaa policy
In order to stimulate indigenous Tanzanian music and dance, Nyerere's government banned foreign music and condemned it as 'neo-colonialist'
Education
Teacher training
By 1984- 35 training colleges had been created or developed, producing 2k teachers a year
problem; over large classes, 1984 teacher-pupil ration was 1:53
Nyerere's Second 5 Year plans had seen some impressive achievements:
The number of primary education had risen from 825,000in 1967 to 1,532,000 by 1875
665,621 children entering school for the first time compared to 187,537 in 1967.
1.9 million people had passed basic reading and writing test in August 1975 to combat adult illiteracy
The number of primary school enrolments rose from 86,000 to 3.6 million in 1985 which was considered 'unmatched elsewhere in Africa'
Adult literacy was now 85%
required education based on 'Education for self reliance (ESR)- from Ujamaa
insulate sense of commitment to the whole community
schools become communities that practice self-sacrifice
teachers, workers, pupils- members of social unit.
Established Institute of Curriculum (ICD)
oversee preparation; printing, distribution of books, promote ESR, written and varying levels
Science History, Politics taught as core subjects
monitor- teaching, lifestyle
leasing with existing church schools
find ways to incorporate ESR with christian values (self-control, unselfishness and respect.
During the 1980s most social services declined: Textbooks, basic teaching materials and qualified and motivated teachers were in short supply in rural primary schools
Report by Kjell Havnevik
Health
Improving conditions measured by 3 main factors: Infant mortality rate, life expectancy, adult literacy
Show notable advance for Tanzania over the period
All rates average for surrounding countries, but very different from Europe.
Good outcomes result of health provision progammes
Investment in positive planning
Now 1,065 doctors for every 26,000 people
By 1985 half of all Tanzanian families had access to a health centre.
1961- 975 pharmacies, 1985 - 2,644
Increase in the number of rural health centers in from 42 in 1967 to 152 in 1975
average life expectancy had risen from 35-40 to 47 in 1976
Increase in the number of qualified doctors available
number of hospitals increased
infant mortality had been halved and clean water was now widely available
1985- half a million children vaccinated
Status of women
Tanzania before -Patriarchal, 85% lived in rural areas, extended families, women did most work in home and assist men in fields
Nyerere acknowledges women hard work in comparison to men who are on "leave half the time" So worked out a series of initiatives
declaration - men and women equal in law
Law- women receive equal treatment and pay at work
outlawing discrimination against women- applying for work or promotion
women can vote
women equal rights to stand in parliament
positions in civil service and gov. to men and women on same terms
TANU's national organisation of women (UWT) pressed for: (because of freer atmosphere )
grantment of maternity leave
provision of state financed day-care centres
adjustment of uni entrance requirements for special difficulties women faced In society
as a result the number of people attending university rose from 8.6% to 25% from 1975-84
overall
achievements only on legal front, didn't make social change in society, Male dominance was ingrained in East African society- would take generations to alter
But, stimulated awareness on inequality towards women.
Treatment of Minorities:
Ethnic Minorities - Tanzania did not have much of a problem because of the relatively small settler group sizes
Asian-Indians
Europeans
Homosexuals: Nyerere declined support advancement homosexuals - but persecutions were rare
Annual per capita income had more than doubled from $120 to $250.