The atmosphere is a mixture of gases (N2, O2, smaller amounts of CO2, O3, argon, water vapor and other trace gases (SO2, N2O, CH4).

The greenhouse effect of the atmosphere is a natural and necessary phenomenon maintaining suitable temperatures for living systems.

Main greenhouse gases: water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4).

Albedo is the proportion of the incident light or radiation that is reflected by a surface.

Human activities impact the atmosphere composition through altering inputs and outputs of the system.

Changes in the concentrations of atmospheric gases such as ozone, CO2, water vapor have significant effects on ecosystem

Photochemical smog is a mixture of primary and secondary pollutants formed under the influence of sunlight. Ozone is the main pollutant.

Primary pollutants are those pollutants that are emitted directly. The main primary pollutants leading to acid deposition are sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which react with water forming strong acids.

Secondary pollutants are substances that are formed from the primary pollutants such as sulphurous acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid.

Human activities that led to the emission of these pollutants are the combustion of fossil fuels in motor cars, industry, and thermal power stations.

Weakening tree growth in coniferous forests, acid falling on lakes and ponds decreasing the PH water level and harming the aquatic organisms.

Aliminium leaches out of soil, disrupts salt, water, and oxygen regulating mechanisms in fish, and can adhere to fish gills causing suffocation.

Soil particles cannot retain nutrients in acidic environment so those nutrients are leached out of soil which would not be available for the trees.

Dissolved aluminium ions damage root hairs which is responsible for absorbing nutrients. Due to this, the trees are unable to absorb as many nutrients.

Damage to human infrastructure because acid rain dissolves limestone structures, especially buildings and statues.

Primary pollutants are emitted directly from the polluting process. The process could be natural or anthropogenic. The fossil fuel combustion primary pollutants include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter.

Secondary pollutants are formed when primary pollutants undergo reactions with other chemicals that are already present in the atmosphere. This is also called as a photochemical reaction.

CO, CO2, SO, NO, and volatile organic compounds are released from the burning of fossil fuels.NO and VOCs release oxygen atoms under the action of UV light which is combined with O2 in the troposphere, forming ozone.

Ozone absorbed into plants though leaves which degrades the chlorophyl. It reduces the photosynthesis and productivity.

Reduces actions in lungs causing breathing difficulties. There is insusceptibility to infection. There is also eye, nose, and throat infection.

Attacks rubber, cellulose, and some plastics. It reduces the life of car tires and beaches fabrics.

Ozone (O3) is a reactive gas, produced by the action of sunlight on O2 molecules.

Ozone is a greenhouse gas but also absorbs incoming (and some outgoing) UV light.

The stratospheric ozone is a good ozone because it protects living things from damaging UV light. Unlike tropospheric ozone which is the bad ozone.

Stimulates the production of VitD in animal bodies. It treat skin diseases such as psoriasis and vitiligo, kills pathogenic bacteria in air and water. Industrial uses in lasers that allows them to view old scripts and forensic analysis.

Genetic mutation and subsequent effects on health, damage to living tissues, cataract formation in eyes, skin cancers, suppression of the immune system, damage to photosynthetic organisms, and damage to consumers of photosynthetic organism.

ODS are man made. An example would be halogenated gases such as CFC that is stable on ground but not stable in the stratospheric ozone.

Another examples of ODS includes HCFC, methyl bromide, and many more.

Lets the sun's short wave radiation reach the earth, but trap some of the long wave coming from the earth.

This is characterized by short intense acidic events. An example would be winter snowmelt and heavy rains can deliver large loads of acid to ecosystems in a short period of time. These can have significant biological effects that include the loss of biodiversity and changes in community structure.

Refers to streams, lakes, and soil ecosystems that have lost their ability to neutralize acidifying events. When ecosystems are exposed to excessive, long-term acid deposition, the neutralizing chemicals such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, and other chemicals become depleted. This can make the system more vulnerable to episodic acidification events and may lead to chronic surface water acididty.

The release of heavy metal aluminium from the soil due to increased acid deposition can create unsuitable living conditions for many freshwater fish species.

Rising temperatures already affect the world's polar regions. Diminishing ice packs reduce the habitats of polar bears, penguins, and other Arctic creatures. As the ice melts, it increases the sea level, which affect and destroy ecosystems on coastlines.

Rising sea levels will also cause changes to ocean temperatures and currents. Such changes would have a strong impact on zooplankton, an essential part of the food chain in the ocean. Shifts in where planktons live and the size of their populations could effect the biodiversity in the Earth's waters. An example would be whales as they require mass amounts of plankton to survive.

An example are the adaptation of metabolism in some bacteria to be able to feed on toxic waste, e.g., Carbon tetrachloride.

Species has undergo the process of evolution through natural selection for millions of years, even until now. Now that the world is changing and not as clean as before, pollution can indeed trigger evolution in species as they are forced to adapt with the current situation.

CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora)

Conserving species in a specific area outside their natural habitat (off site)

Designing protected areas: Surrounding land used for conservation and distance from urban centres are important factors for consideration in conservation area design.

Edge effects occurs in ecotones where 2 habitats meets and there is a change near the boundary (e.g. more wind, warmer, less humid compared to the interior).

Corridors: use to increase animal movement to increase gene pool and allows seasonal migration, but negative because easier to be poached and invasive species enter via corridors

As most types of conservations are located in a rather isolated areas, the level of air pollution in those areas are usually low and controlled. Therefore, the air is cleaner and the species are not threatened by the air pollutants.

The pollutants that can danger these animals include acid rain, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and other toxic substances.

That is why, we have to conserve and protect their existing habitats. So that they could stay safe and sound there.

Loss of species diversity (less variety of plants, animals, insects, and fish)

Changes to the specific assortment of plants present in a forest.

Acid rain is typically caused by the burning of fossil fuels, can acidify smaller bodies of water and soil, negatively affecting the species that live there by changing breeding and feeding habits.

Rapid, manmade climate change speeds does not allow ecosystems and species time to adapt. Climate is a major factor in the distribution of species across the globe; climate change forces them to adjust. But many are not able to cope, causing them to die out.

It can cause genetic drift of alleles by killing a large number of individual in a population. This might lead to speciation. Pollution can confine a certain population to a particular geographical area due to niche reduction. This geographical barrier can lead to speciation event. So basically as soon as pollution exerts a selective pressure, there will be natural selection and thus evolution.