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Kinesology, Lesson 2, Lesson 3, Lesson 5, Lesson 6, Lesson 1, image,…

- - - - •Standing Upright
      - •Facing Forward
      - •Arms to the side
      - •Palms forward
      - •Legs Parallel
      - •Toes pointing forward
    - - Anterior (RED) – Posterior (LIGHT PINK)
        
        • Superior (DARK GREEN) – Inferior (LIGHT GREEN)
        
        • Medial (BROWN) – Lateral (LIGHT BROWN)
        
        • Superficial (PURPLE) - Deep (PINK)
        
        • Proximal (DARK BLUE) – Distal (LIGHT BLUE)
  - - - horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower sections
    - - bisects the body into left & right sections
    - - segments body into anterior & posterior
  - - - shape to body (short or tall)
    - - softer tissue, provides points of attachment (most skeletal muscle)
    - - mechanical protection, reducing risk of injury in them
    - - muscles attached to bones, muscles contract bones move
    - - red and while blood cells produced in bone marrow of some bones
    - - bones of the head, back and chest
        
        Support, stabilise and protect vital organs
    - - bones that is related to movement of the limbs
        
        Long bones create large movement.
        
        Short bones create more complex and fine movements
  - - - Each joint surface is both convex in one plane and concave in the other
        
        Permits 2 degrees of motion
        
        eg, trapezium and 1st metacarpal bone of thumb
        (thumb)
    - - Articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curve
        
        Permits gliding between 2 joints
        
        eg, Manubrium and clavical ( around collarbone)
    - - Concave of one joint is allowed to slide on the convex of the other
        
        Permits 2 degrees of motion; rotational movement not possible
        
        eg, radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of the carpus (wrist)
    - - Hinge
        
        The convex surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another
        
        Permits 1 degree freedom of motion
        
        eg, Ulna and Humerous (elbow joint)
      - Ball-and-Socket
        
        Ball-like convex surface that fits into a concave socket
        
        Permits 3 degrees of motion
        
        eg, humerus and scapular (shoulder joint)
      - Pivot
        
        The cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring formed of bone and ligament
        
        Permits 1 degree freedom of motion
        
        Eg, atlas and axis (spine)
  - - - Glenohumeral
      - Acromionclavicular
    - - Humeroulnar
      - Humero-radial
      - Proximal Radiolnar
    - - Acetabulofemoral (Hip Joint)
      - Tibiofemoral
    - - Radiocarpal
- - - - Abduction (1)
      - Adduction (2)
      - Extension (2)
      - External Rotation (1)
      - Internal Rotation (2)
      - Flexion (1)
    - - Tensor fasciae latae
      - Iliopsoas
        
        Iliacus
        
        Psoas major
      - Iliotibialtract (ITB)
      - Pectineus
      - Quadriceps
        
        Vastus Lateralis
        
        Vastus Intermedius
        
        Vastus Intermedius
        
        Rectus Femoris
      - Patella
      - Patellar Tendon
    - - Gluteus Maximus
      - Gluteus Medius
      - Adductor Magnus
      - Iliotibialtract
      - Hamstring group
        
        Semitendinosus
        
        Semimembranosus
        
        Biceps Femoris
      - Gastrocnemius
  - - - Flexion and Extension
        
        Flexion=calf moving backwards
        
        Extension=Calf moving forward
    - - Knee Extensor:
        Rectus femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus Intermedius
      - Knee flexor:
        Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus
  - - - Plantarflexion=foot moves down
      - dorsiflexion=foot moves up
    - - Eversion=Foot turns outwards(laterally)
      - Inversion=Foot turns inwards(medially)
    - - Anterior muscle of shank:
        Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum longus, Extensor hallucis longus
      - Posterior muscles of shank:
        Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Tibialis Posterior, Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor hallucis longus
      - Lateral muscle of the shank:
        Fibularis Longus, Fibularis Brevis
- - - - Muscle shortening & lengthening to change in muscle length or joint angle.
      - Dynamic Concentric=Acceleration
        Dynamic Eccentric=Deceleration
    - - Rate of limb displacement or joint and rotation is constant.
    - - There is no limb displacement or joint rotation happening.(Fixation)
  - - - Lesser force is produced in both the elongated and shortened
        positions.
      - The amount of tension produced is directly related to the degree of
        overlap of the thick and thin filaments.
    - - If move with increasing velocity in an eccentric action, maximal force increases as the velocity increases
      - The force produced by a concentric muscle action decreases as velocity increases
    - - Both the muscle fibers and the tendinous attachments contain elastic components.
      - More work can be done with less energy expenditure following a pre- stretch.
- - - - starch is broken down to form monosaccharides such as glucose
        
        Glucose stored as polysaccharides in cells called glycogen
        
        Cells store glycogen as means of supplying CHO as energy source
    - - Fatty Acids
      - Triglycerides
    - - Amino acid alanine can be converted in liver to glucose, which can be used to synthesize glycogen
  - - - Phosphocreatine (PC)
      - Stored glucose or glycogen
      - Stored fat (Triglycerides)
  - - - Anaerobic energy
      - Does not use oxygen
      - Used for the 15 secs
      - Simplest form of energy
      - Anaerobic Metabolism
        
        1st metabolic pathway capable of producing ATP rapidly without involvement of oxygen
        
        the Phosphocreatine (PC) stores of muscle cells can sustain only a very short period of activity, so activities involving short bursts primarily rely on this system
        
        PCr declines steadily as it is used to replenish the depleted ATP
    - - Does not use oxygen
      - Anaerobic energy
      - Used in the next 2 minutes
      - Anaerobic Metabolism
        
        2nd metabolic pathway capable of producing ATP rapidly without the involvement of oxygen
        
        glucose can be obtained from blood glucose or intramuscular stores of glycogen
        
        process involves breakdown of glucose or glycogen to form two molecules of pyruvic acid or lactic acid
    - - Uses oxygen
      - Aerobic energy
      - Used until person becomes exhausted
      - Aerobic Metabolism
        
        Amino acids
        
        Generation of key two-carbon molecule, acetyl-CoA
        
        Oxidation of acetyl-CoA
        
        Oxidative phosphorylation (ATP Formation)
        
        Fatty acids
        
        Pyruvate