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AQUEOUS SYSTEMS, gL-1 --> molL-1 = ÷m molL-1 --> gL-1 = xm …

- - - - solubility product
        
        Ks = [A+][B-]
        
        equilibrium constant for a reaction where an ionic compound dissolves to form aqueous ions
        
        dilution factors
        
        [new] = volume used/total volume x [original]
        the size of the Ks tells you about the solubility of a substance as the larger the value of Ks means the greater the solubility
      - ionic product
        
        IP = [A+][B-]
        
        used to predict whether a precipitate will form when mixing two solutions + calculated the same as the solubility product
        
        If IP > Ks then a precipitate will form
        
        If IP = Ks then the solution is saturated
        
        If IP < Ks then a no precipitate will form
        
        example:
        
        CaSO4(s) ⇌ Ca2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
        
        [Ca2+] = 0.01molL-1
        
        [SO42-] = 0.02molL-1
        
        IP = [Ca2+][SO42-]
        
        IP = 0.01 x 0.02
        
        IP = 2.0 x 10-4
        
        Since IP > Ks a precipitate will form
      - common ion effect
        
        presence of an ion that is common to two solutions, the presence of this ion will decrease the solubility of the ionic compound
      - complex ions
        
        metal cation with a number of other molecules or ions surrounding it (ligands)
        
        complex ions are made up of a transition metal and ligands
        
        ligands are molecules or ions that have a lone pair of electrons, which attaches to a transition metal by coordinate bonding
        
        OH- and NH3.
        
        common complex ions
        on addition of excess NH3
        
        Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) → [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq)
        
        Zn2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) → [Zn(NH3)4]2+(aq)
        
        Ag+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) → [Ag(NH3)2]+(aq)
        
        on addition of excess OH-
        
        Zn2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) → [Zn(OH)4]2-(aq)
        
        Pb2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) → [Pb(OH)4]2-(aq)
        
        Al3+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) → [Al(OH)4]-(aq)