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Development, First Two Years, LANGUAGE ACQUISITION, EMERGING ADULTHOOD,…

- - - - Operant Conditioning
      - Baby Box
      - Teacher-directed preschools
    - - Classical Conditioning
    - - Social learning theory, observational learning, modeling
      - BoBo Doll Experiment
  - - - Stage Theories
        
        Preoperational Stage thinking
        
        Language & Imagination
        
        Lacking Logic
        
        Centration
        
        Animism
        
        Egocentrism
        
        Irreversibility
        
        focus on appearance
        
        static reasoning
      - Sensorimotor Stage
      - Cognitive Equilibrium
      - Concrete Operational Thought (Piaget)
        
        concrete thinking
        
        do not understand abstraction
        
        understand conservation
        
        age 8 > classification
        
        seriation
        
        Kohlberg
        
        Conventional moral reasoning III & IV
        
        Post-conventional moral reasoning V & VI
        
        preconventional moral reasoning I & II
        
        Piaget mentions: retribution vs. restitution (age 8--10)
        
        Formal Operational Stage
  - - - Crisis in lifetime stages
      - importance of family and culture
      - included adulthood
      - later adulthood and death included
      - 8 stages
        
        Trust. V. Mistrust
        
        Initiative V. Guilt
        
        protective optimism
        
        industry vs. inferiority
        
        identity vs. role confusion
        
        political
        
        vocational
        
        religion
        
        sexual
        
        gender identity
      - linked crisis to development later on
      - PSYCHOSOCIAL
      - did not focus exclusively on sexual fixation
    - - oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latent stage, genital stage
      - behaviors result of past, unconscious
      - id, ego, superego
      - importance of dreams
      - PSYCHOSEXUAL
- - - - ZPD
        
        learning what is too hard
      - apprenticeship in thinking
      - scaffolding
      - guided participation
      - what is boring
      - Overimitation
        
        Private Speech
        
        Social Mediation
        
        Executive Function
        
        cognitive flexibility
        
        inhibitory control
        
        working memory
        
        Social Learning
        
        Theory-Theory
        
        Theory of Mind
        
        Fast Mapping
        
        Overregularization
        
        Logical Extension to categories
        
        Pragmatics-- practical use of language and the ability to adjust
        
        bilinguality is beneficial, evidence of plasticity
      - (Vgotsky) Children learn what culture deems important
        
        direct vs. indirect learning
        
        information processing perspective
- - - - newborns are social
      - hormones in parents different
      - NBAS
        
        multiple reflexes (palmar, babinski, moro, rooting, swimming, etc)
      - new parents
        
        couvade in fathers
        
        depression is possible for fathers as well
        
        postpartum depression
        
        parental alliance
        
        parent-infant bond
        
        Kangaroo care (skin to skin contact that is said to improve sleep, weight gain etc.)
      - Physical Development
        
        EXPERIENCE EXPECTANT
        
        EXPERIENCE-DEPENDENT
        
        transient exuberance & pruning
        
        caregivers influence development heavily
        
        self-righting & catch-up growth
        
        born with more neurons, early life less myelin, dendrites and axons
        
        brain grows the fastest out of any other organ
        
        myelin increases with age
        
        prefrontal cortex: anticipation, planning, impulse control
        
        limbic system (interact to produce emotions)
        
        hippocampus
        
        memory processor, esp locations
        
        hypothalamus
        
        responds to A and H by producing hormones, like cortisol
        
        amygdala
        
        strong emotions, particularly fear
        
        pituitary gland as well
        
        PROTEIN CALORIE MALNUTRITION
        
        stunting
        
        wasting
        
        SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME
        
        EMOTIONS
        
        Distress/Contentment
        
        Social Smile
        
        Theories
        
        Evolutionary Theory
        
        Sociocultural Theory
        
        Cognitive Theory
        
        Behaviorism
        
        Temper Tantrums!
        
        Attachment Theory
        
        Insecure avoidant
        
        Insecure resistant/ambivalent
        
        Secure Attachment
        
        Disorganized
        
        attachment styles may also contribute
        
        disorganized attachment
        
        Temperament
        
        Difficult
        
        Slow-to-warm-up
        
        Fearful most likely to change over time
        
        Easy
        
        Hard to Classify
        
        Social Bonds
        
        Social Referencing
        
        Attachment
        
        Synchrony
    - - Maltreatment
      - Malnourishment
      - INJURIES
        
        Secondary Prevention
        
        Tertiary Prevention
        
        Primary Prevention
      - Obesity
      - executive function
        
        cognition
        
        begins in early childhood and increases with age
      - emotional regulation
        
        psychosocial
        
        more developed in early childhood
      - effortful control
        
        temperament
      - maturation, learning and culture matter
        
        intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
        
        PLAY
        
        onlooker
        
        parallel
        
        associative
        
        solitary
        
        cooperative
        
        TYPES
        
        active play
        
        rough and tumble (soial)
        
        solitary may include all types
        
        pretend play/social play
        
        sociodramatic play
        
        MIDDLE CHILDHOOD 6-11
        
        Psychosocial
        
        Five things children need
        
        self-respect
        
        Peer-relationships
        
        Learning
        
        Harmony and Stability
        
        Physical necessities
        
        Different family structures
        
        income correlates with function & structure
        
        Function is different than structure
        
        family stress model
        
        Child Culture
        
        neglected
        
        aggressive-rejected
        
        bullying
        
        verbal
        
        relational
        
        cyber
        
        physical
        
        must be REPEATED
        
        can also be bully-victims
        
        withdrawn-rejected
        
        children's moral development
        
        the difference is INTENT
        
        reasons for acting rather than actions can be grasped in middle childhood
        
        Cognitive
        
        pester power
        
        hygeine hypothesis
        
        developmental psycopathology
        
        Disability changes every year
        
        Life may get better or worse
        
        Abnormality is normal
        
        Diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context
        
        4 Principles
        
        Comorbidity
        
        Aptitude Intelligence Acheivement (what is actually learned)
        
        SPED
        
        IEP
        
        ASD
        
        ADHD
        
        multifinality
        
        many causes
        
        1 more item...
        
        equifinality
        
        many causes
        
        1 more item...
        
        SLD
        
        dyscalculia
        
        dysgraphia
        
        dyslexia
        
        Response to Intervention (RTI)
        
        Children learn what context teaches
        
        MEMORY
        
        Control Processes
        
        Emotional Regulation
        
        1 more item...
        
        Processing Speed
        
        Exectuive Function
        
        knowledge base
        
        METAPHORS!!
        
        Pragmatics
        
        Biosocial
        
        Slower growth, greater strength
        
        brain-- embodied cognition
        
        age 7 > selective attention
        
        increased executive function
        
        reaction time advances (increased myelination)
        
        social exclusion is a fear & motivation to avoid it
        
        Overweight +85 BMI
        
        Obese +95 BMI
        
        Flynn effect-- IQ's increase with every decade
        
        AGGRESSION
        
        reactive
        
        relational
        
        instrumental
        
        bullying
    - - Second Trimester Second Three Months
        
        movement is less random
        
        "quickening" able to feel hearbeat
        
        age of viability 22 weeks or so
        
        entire CNS becomes active
      - Third Trimester Final Three Months
        
        final systems maturation
        
        gains at least 4.5 pounds
        
        final trimester dedicated to neurological, respiratory & cardiovascular development
        
        at birth around 7.5 pounds
        
        every day of third trimester increases survival rate
      - First Trimester First Three Months
        
        Embryonic Period (3-8 weeks)
        
        primitive streak> neural tube > CNS
        
        all basic forms of body structures develop
        
        cephalocaudal & proximodistal growth
        
        Fetal Period (9 weeks until birth)
        
        3rd month: XY or XX, sex organs may be visible on ultrasound
        
        3 months, 3 ounces, 3 inches
        
        Germinal Period (first two weeks)
        
        implantation must occur or it cannot become an embryo
        
        16 cells > differentiation
        
        rapid cell division
        
        100 cells (around one week) blastocyst
      - Birth (38 weeks, or between 36-39 is full term)
        
        fetal brain releases hormones: oxytocin begins labor
        
        Labor
        
        average of 14 hrs active labor for first births, 7 for subsequent
        
        this can be half as long or twice as long
        
        biopsychosocial factors all affect
        
        birth
        
        placenta must be delivered, mucus needs to be removed from baby, umbilical cord cut, fed colostrum (first milk that is produced),
        
        Apgar scale 0-10 for infant health monitoring, values of 0-2 BELOW FIVE IS EMERGENCY
        
        Heartbeat
        
        100+ bpm is normal
        
        Less than 100 abnormal
        
        1 more item...
        
        Reflex irritability
        
        grasping
        
        stepping
        
        sucking
        
        suctioning distress
        
        Muscle tone
        
        Respiratory effort
        
        Color
        
        pink vs blue
        
        typically breathe and cry on their own, go from blue to pink bc of oxygen to the lungs
      - CONCEPTION (zygote)
      - neurological plasticity> newborns are more attuned to voices!
    - - Adult Parenting Styles
        
        Permissive
        
        Authoritative
        
        Authoritarian
        
        Qualities
        
        strategies for discipline
        
        expectations for maturity
        
        expressions of warmth
        
        communication
        
        neglectful/uninvolved
        
        Discipline
        
        psychological
        
        time-out
        
        corporal
        
        induction
      - MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
        
        25-65 years old
        
        Cognitive
        
        base of knowledge, but consider perspectives/experiences/emotions
        
        g for general intelligence
        
        SLS-- fluid and crystallized intelligence
        
        Sternberg 3 forms of intelligence
        
        creative
        
        practical
        
        analytic
        
        selective optimization with compensation
        
        stressors
        
        coping mechanisms
        
        emotion-focused coping
        
        problem-focused coping
        
        avoidant coping
        
        fight or flight
        
        tend and befriend
        
        EXPERT
        
        automatic
        
        strategic
        
        intuitive
        
        flexible
        
        Psychosocial
        
        Erikson
        
        generativity vs. stagnation
        
        generativity
        
        6 more items...
        
        integrity vs. despair
        
        intimacy vs. isolation
        
        Maslow's humanism
        
        hierarchy of needs is sequential, not developmental
        
        Big Five Personality
        
        OCEAN
        
        Extroversion
        
        Agreeableness
        
        Conscientiousness
        
        Neuroticism
        
        Openness
        
        change environment/ change to fit environment
        
        culture shapes personality
        
        all need love and work
        
        Biosocial
        
        senescence
        
        regulated by genes, but the environment is more important
        
        oxygen dispersal drops every decade past 20 by 4%
        
        brain in a constant state of flux
        
        neurogenesis
        
        hippocampus
        
        presbycusis
        
        viewing & pursuing-- culture and age
        
        ART, varied fertility rates
        
        menopause 42-58
        
        HRT
        
        "andropause"
        
        psychological vs. physiological
        
        4 measures of health
        
        morbidity
        
        disability
        
        DALY-- Disability Adjusted Life Years
        
        mortality
        
        vitality
        
        QALY-- Quality Adjusted Life Years
        
        correlating income and health-- money and education protect health
      - LATE ADULTHOOD
        
        Cognitive
        
        hippocampus most likely to gain cells
        
        senescence reduces the production of neurotransmitters
        
        gait speed correlates with intellect
        
        cortex thins every decade of adulthood
        
        high SES-- lower cognitive decline
        
        multitasking is less common w/age
        
        switch cost
        
        input-- small losses can have significant effect on output
        
        memory and stereotype threat
        
        explicit shows more than implicit
        
        source amnesia
        
        prospective memory
        
        working memory
        
        need more time and attention
        
        control processes regulate flow of info and analysis
        
        ecological validity
        
        Neurocognitive Disorders
        
        Major NCD
        
        AD (Alzheimer's disease) 5 stages
        
        2 more items...
        
        Maslow- Self-Actualization-- self-transcendence
        
        POLYPHARMACY
        
        Psychosocial
        
        life review
        
        self-theories
        
        integrity vs. despair
        
        compulsive hoarding
        
        socioemotional selectivity theory
        
        positivity effect
        
        stratification theories
        
        disengagement theory
        
        activity theory
        
        aging in place
        
        NORC-- Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities
        
        ADLS
        
        IADLS
        
        sarcopenia
        
        Biological
        
        declining senses
        
        diseases & aging
        
        Ageism
        
        longetivity
        
        wear and tear
        
        primary aging
        
        secondary aging
        
        young old, old old, oldest old (frail)
        
        selective optimization with compensation
        
        compression of morbidity
        
        osteoporosis
        
        Hayflick limit
        
        cellular aging
    - - Ages 8-14
      - ADOLESCENCE
        
        egocentrism
        
        personal fables
        
        invincibility fable
        
        imaginary audience
        
        quick myelination
        
        impulsivity and sensation-seeking
        
        entity theory of intelligence vs. incremental theory of intelligence
        
        MARCIA
        
        foreclosure
        
        moratorium
        
        role confusion
        
        identity acheivement
        
        deviancy training
        
        selection precedes facilitation
        
        adolescence-limited offenders
        
        shoplifting
        
        stubbornness
        
        bullying
        
        life course persistent offenders
        
        female rumination
        
        suicidal ideation
        
        parasuicide
        
        cluster suicides
      - HPG
      - cortisol levels spiking
        
        cyclical & reciprocal
        
        limbic system develops faster than the PFC
        
        intense emotion
        
        cortisol floods
        
        PFC shuts down
      - HPA
      - growth spurt opposite to proximodistal growth
      - spermarche
        
        testosterone
      - body image
        
        self-consciousness
        
        bulimia nervosa
        
        anorexia nervosa
        
        binge eating disorder
        
        FAMILY FUNCTION IS CRUCIAL
      - menarche
        
        estradiol
      - leptin
      - formal operational thought
        
        deductive reasoning
        
        dual processing
      - emotional vs. analytical
        
        intuitive vs. analytica;
- - - - set point
        
        BMI
- - - - churning
        
        situational couple violence
        
        intimate terrorism