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Regulation of Blood Glucose concentration - Coggle Diagram
Regulation of Blood Glucose concentration
After every meal
blood glucose
slowly increases as it is released by the small intestine. This is dangerous because blood with a
high osmolarity
will
cause dehydration
of other cells via
osmosis
.
Thankfully,
beta-cells
in the
pancreas
detect this change and in response secrete the hormone
insulin
into the blood. The
liver
then detects this insulin and absorbs the glucose, before converting it into the polysacharide
glycogen
by
condensation
Key organs
Pancreas
makes
small intestine
Liver
Key
hormones
Insulin
glucagon
adrenaline
During fasting/ strenuous excercise,
blood glucose concentration falls
. In response, the
alpha-cells
in the
pancreas
secrete glucagon , which travels to the
liver
& stimulates this organ to break down glycogen to glucose via.
hydrolysis
Acceptors VS Effectors
Effectors
:
Muscles
Glands
Acceptor
Reacts to stimuli
The
Pancreas
is both an effector and a receptor
Homeostasis vs Regular Feedback
The
regulation
of blood glucose concentration illustrates:
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a physiological factor at a
constant value
Negative Feedback
The mechanism that occurs to counteract a
change in physiological factors
and return it to its
homeostatic value
Diabetes
: Disorder in which the body cannot
sufficiently reduce
blood glucose concentration.
2 dissorders in which an individual cannot sufficiently reduce the blood glucose concentration after eating
Type I
:
usually called 'juvenile-onset' because symptoms usually appear at the age of 12-15
caused by the destruction of beta cells (in the pancreas) by an inappropriate immune response (i.e. irreverible)
This means that no insulin can be secreted
Treated by injections of insulin (:star2:) before and after meals
:star2: : Previously animal-derived, but now recomninant human insulin (produced by GM bacteria)
Type II
:
Was called 'adult-onset' because symptoms usually appear at ages >40 (but increasingly common in children/ young people
Associated with poor diet and a lack of excercise
Insulin is released as normal; symptoms occur becasuse of a lack of a response to the hormone in the liver
Treatment: improved diet and more excercise (type II is reversible)
Symptoms
:
excessive thirst
weight loss
fatigue
halitosis( caused by ketones)
excessive urination