perception a biological construct that involves interpretation of stimuli from the brain

laissez-faire a policy of letting people do as they please; permissive

zone of proximal development (ZPD) Vygotsky’s term for the space between what a learner can do independently and what he or she can do while participating with more capable other

classism the differential treatment of people because of their class background and the reinforcing of those differences through values and practices of societal institutions

1. Logical-mathematical: skills related to solving logical problems and performing mathematical calculations (gen­erally qualities of scientists, mathematicians)
   
   2. Linguistic: skills related to the meaning, sound, and rhythm of words as well as the use of language (generally qualities of authors, journalists, poets)
   3. Body kinesthetic: ability to coordinate parts of the body and manipulate objects skillfully (generally qualities of ath­letes, dancers, surgeons)
2. Musical: ability to produce pitch and rhythm and appre­ciate musical expression (generally qualities of musicians, composers, singe
3. Spatial: ability to form a mental model of concrete objects and manipulate parts in relation to each other (generally qualities of architects, engineers, artists)
   
   6. Interpersonal: ability to analyze and respond to behavior, feelings, and motives of other people (generally qualities of psychologists, teachers, salespeople)
4. Intrapersonal: ability to understand one’s feelings and motives, using such knowl­edge to adapt one’s behavior accordingly (generally qualities of actors, lawyers)
5. Naturalist: ability to discriminate among living things and be sensitive to the natu­ral environment (generally qualities of botanists, zoologists, ecologist)

risk endangerment; vulnerability to negative developmental outcome

resilience the ability to withstand and rebound from crisisor persistent challenges

learned helplessness the perception, acquired through negative experiences, that effort has no effect on outcome

alcoholism a chronic, progressive, and potentially fatal disease characterized by excessive tolerance for alcohol and by physical dependence and/or pathologic organ changes

cooperative goal structure students working together to accomplish shared goals

competitive goal structure students working against each other to achieve goals that only a few students can attain

individualized goal structure one student’s achievement of the goal is unrelated to other students’ achievement of that goal

accountability making schools and teachers responsible for student learning or achievement outcomes

authentic assessment evaluation based on real performance, rather than test performance, showing mastery of a task

standardized tests tests in which an individual is compared to a norm on scientifically selected items