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ethical theories - Coggle Diagram
ethical theories
theories of the good
Kazez - objective list
self-expression
morality
autonomy
+progress
happiness
Griffin - desire fulfilment
to count for utility,
desires must be
informed
entering my life
actual when satisfied
Nozick
beyond experience?
identity/character
truth/deeper reality
autonomous action
Epicurus - hedonism
desires
natural...
...and necessary (!)
...only
groundless
pleasure
static (avoid pain)
kinetic (fulfil desires)
consequentialism
Kagan
3 positions
moderate - yes, but:
options (you can also...)
constraints (you can never...)
minimalist - why so demanding?
extremist - always maximize the overall good
Singer
redrawing the line between:
duty - wrong not to do
version
moderate - sacrifice something morally significant
strong (marginal utility) - sacrifice smth equally morally significant
charity - merely good to do
Mill - utilitarianism
principle = "greatest happiness for the greatest number"
responsibility
positive - do not DO bad things (focus of moderates)
negative - do not ALLOW bad things (focus of extremists)
social contract theory
Gauthier - contractarianism
justification
moral - showing that the action conforms to duty
constrained maximizer
-> hypothetical pre-social contract as ground of constraint
deliberative - showing that it maximizes self-interest
straightforward maximizer
Scanlon - contractualism
desire for reasonable agreement
wrong = prohibited by rules which we would not reasonably reject
unlike Rawls (desire to establish justice through principles on which we would agree)
Watson
problems of ethical theories
content - what does it solve?
compliance - why will we comply?
accommodation:
rights & responsibilities
serve human interests (teleological connection) - focus of consequentialism
BUT ALSO constrain human interests (deontological character) - focus of deontology
virtue ethics
Foot
goodness
secondary - good for something else
natural - good as itself (function)
-> patterns of natural normativity
in humans, includes moral character
physical, behavioural etc.
Annas
virtues entail
flourishing
life-long development
practical reasoning
human nature/function
Aristotle
opinions on eudaimonia
honour
exellence! - human function is obeying reason
cultivate virtues (balanced dispositions)
-> obtain phronesis (practical wisdom)
-> excellent activity -> eudaimonia
intelligence
pleasure
deontology
Kant
ethics
practical - Grundlegung (1785)
section I - good will
3 kinds of action
in conformity with duty, but
from selfish view (indirect)
from inclination (direct)
from duty (!) - has moral worth
will determined by maxim (not purpose) & motivated by rational respect for the law (not desire)
inconsistent with duty
section II - rational willing
imperative
hypothetical - means conditional on an end (analytic a priori)
problematical (technical rules)
assertorial (pragmatic counsels)
categorical - unconditional command (synthetic a priori)
formulations
humanity as an end withal - test: would a rational being be treated as a means only?
autonomy - universally legislative will
universal law (of nature) - test: is there a contradiction in the maxim (and if not: in the will)?
3 more items...
kingdom of ends (section III)
theoretical