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Pathology of endocrine glands - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ACTH secreting
        
        Adrenal hyperplasia
    - - Progressive alopecia
        
        Bilaterally symmetrical
        
        Hyperpigementation
      - Muscle wasting and weakness
        
        Protein catabolism
      - Hepatomegaly
        
        Hepatocellular - Glycogen and fat deposition
      - Polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia
      - Dystrophic calcification
        
        Catabolism of collagen and elastin
    - - Mineralcorticoids
      - Glucocorticoids
  - - - Eg. Persistent Rathke's pouch
        
        Pituitary development hypoplasia
        
        Panhypopituitarism
        
        Clinical signs
        
        Dwarfism
        
        Gonad atrophy
        
        Hypothyroidism
    - - Damaged pars distalis
- - - - Secondary to ACTH-secreting pituitary neoplasm
      - Zona reticularis + zona fasciculata
        
        Invasion into medulla
    - - Locally invasive
        
        Metastasis into secondary lesions
        
        Kidney, liver, lymph nodes and lungs
      - Features: Haemorrhagic, necrotic, yellow / red colour
  - - - Clinical signs
        
        GIT disturbance
        
        Inability to cope with stress
        
        Concurrent illness; hospitalisation
  - - - Lymphosarcoma ; Disseminated malignant neoplams
- - - - Deficient insulin secretion
        
        Neoplasia: Beta cells - Islets of Langerhans
        
        Degenerative changes
        
        Swelling and vacuolation
        
        Amyloidosis (cats)
      - Necrotising pancreatitis
        
        Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
    - - Reduction of insulin receptors
      - Obesity associated
      - Normal / increased insulin secretion
    - - Ketoacidosis
        
        Accelerated fat catabolism
        
        Released free fatty acids
        
        Ketone body accumulation
      - Liver changes
        
        Enlarged; yellow; greasy
        
        Swollen and vacuolated hepatocytes
        
        Lipid accumulation
        
        Accelerated lipolysis
      - Renal glomerular fibrosis ;cataracts (dogs)
- - - - Renal
        
        PCT epithelium damage
        
        Lack of reabsorption
        
        Phosphorus retention
        
        Increased Ca2+ renal excretion
        
        Prevent Vitamin D activation
        
        Decreased intestinal Ca2+ absorption
        
        Inhibit calcitriol formation
        
        Reduce feedback inhibition of PTH
      - Nutritional
        
        Decreased Ca2+ dietary intake / excessive phosphorus
        
        Eg. Meat only diets of neonatal puppies and kittens
        
        Long bone deformities and fractures
        
        Horse: Excess grain; oxalate-rich plants
        
        Calcium binding in gut
        
        Deficit Ca:P ratio
        
        Lameness, facial swelling, jaw microfractures
      - Adenocarcinoma of anal sacs (dogs)
  - - - Goitre
        
        Thyroid hyperplasia + hypertrophy
        
        Inadequate thyroxine synthesis
        
        Increased secretion of TSH by pituitary
        
        Causes
        
        Iodine deficient diets
        
        Ingestion of goitrogens
        
        Prevent thyroxine synthesis
        
        Eg. cabbage and turnips
        
        Colloid goitre
        
        Follicles distension with colloid
        
        Epithelial cells flattened
        
        Involution of hyperplastic goitre
        
        Adequate iodine available
        
        Maturing animal with lower demands
      - Multi-nodular adenomatous hyperplasia
        
        Mature cats
    - - Immune-mediated - lymphocytic thyroiditis
        
        Loss of glandular parechyma
        
        Replaced with fibrous tissue
        
        Marked Infiltration - Lc + plasma cells
      - Idiopathic thyroid atrophy
        
        Small, scattered follicles
        
        Invasion by adipose tissues
        
        Secondary to reduced TSH secretion
        
        Pituitary neoplasia - hypofunctional