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Chapter 13 Mind Map - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Why do some people prefer listening to television news to reading the newspaper?
        Under what conditions is an individual more likely to watch a sitcom rather than a violent police drama? What satisfactions are derived from watching soap operas or reading blogs?
  - - - Finding: Six out of 10 programs contain violence.
        Consequence: Viewers are overexposed to mediated aggression and violence
      - Finding: Television violence is still glamorized. Seven out of 10 violent acts go unpunished.
        Consequence: Unpunished violence is more likely to be imitated by viewers.
      - Finding: Physically attractive characters initiate 4 out of 10 violent acts. Consequence: Viewers are more likely to imitate characters they judge as being good looking.
      - Finding: Four out of 10 violent scenes include humor. Consequence: Humor trivializes the violence and thus contributes to desensitization.
      - Finding: About half of all violent scenes show pain or harm to the victim. Consequence: Showing pain and suffering reduces the chance that viewers will learn aggression from
      - Finding: Fewer than 5% of violent programs feature an anti-violence message. Consequence: Viewers are not exposed to alternatives to violence or shown nonviolent ways to solve problems.
    - - A Parents Television Council study discovered that the amount of profane language, which is considered verbal aggression, was up 78% to 2.6 instances per hour from 2000 to 2001, and it also increased 69.3% from 2005 to 2010
        
        Because of FCC oversight, broadcast programs have long contained fewer incidents of cursing than cable programs, which are not under the FCC’s purview.
    - - There are three primary types of online shared game playing: (1) identity and self-presentation, (2)
        collective identity, and (3) phatic communication.
        
        With self-presentation, gamers determine how they
        want to be seen by others.
        
        With collective identity–formation tools, friends define their friends with questions such as: “What’s the best way to make [friend’s name] happy?” “How would you describe [friend’s name] sense of style?”
        
        Social network interactions are also a form of phatic communication, which is a linguistic term that defines a type of expression that is used only for social reasons instead of for the purpose of sharing information.
  - - - Miller v. California (1973)
        
        restricts obscenity, which has stricter legal standards than indecency. Whereas obscenity cannot be shown, indecency, in some circumstances is allowable.
      - Telecommunications Act of 1996
        
        The act set parameters for protecting the public from objectionable
        content. Current television ratings are a blend of both age
        and content indicators.
      - Broadcast Decency Act of 2005
        
        The bill allowed
        the FCC to increase fines for indecency violations from $32,500 to $325,000. Additionally, rather than fining a broadcast television station on a per-program basis, the FCC could issue fines for each indecent incident.
    - - The Entertainment Software Rating
        Board (ESRB) has established the following age-based ratings system:
        C: Content intended for young children
        E: Suitable for all ages
        E10+: Suitable for viewers older than 10
        T: Suitable for ages 13 and older
        M: Suitable for ages 17 and older
        AO: Adults Only. Not suitable for players under the age of 17. These games may contain high levels of violence, profanity, or sexual content.
    - - The consequences of addiction are many, such as depression, antisocial
        behaviors, lost jobs, dropping out of school, broken relationships, and increased drug and alcohol use
    - - The typical office employee spends 13.5 hours per workweek reading, responding to, and managing email, and about three-quarters reply to a message within an hour of receiving it. Additionally, 81% of employees check their work email accounts during nonwork hours. All this checking and responding makes employees less efficient, more stressed out, and less productive.
  - - - Arousal
      - Inhibition/Disinhibition
      - Catharsis
      - Identification
      - Desensitization
      - Imitation
      - Four-Factor Syndrome
    - - Humans have always been able to multitask But that is not the case with electronic devices because they command a higher level of cognition than, say, cooking several different dishes at the same time.
    - - : (1) they are more interactive, which increases involvement; (2) a large percentage of games involve violence as the main activity, and players are encouraged to ‘kill’ and ‘injure’ as many of the ‘enemy’ as possible to win; and (3) the games’ portability makes them somewhat of a companion, as they can be played almost anywhere on a mobile device
      - Playing videogames may also be addictive. Playing violent videogames stimulates psychoneurological
        receptors that give the player a ‘high,’ producing symptoms similar to those induced by drugs and other pleasurable activities.
    - - Studies have shown that people are spending slightly less time with traditional media and more time online. In fact, some people are actually spending too much time on the Web.
      - Mobile device addiction is called nomophobia (for no-mobile-phone phobia), the fear of being
        disconnected from the virtual world. Excessive texting may lead to failing grades, social anxiety, dependence, stress, and other psychological
        disorders. Mobile communications are linked to a significant increase in distracted driving, resulting in injury and loss of life.
    - - Children and young adults may be particularly susceptible to mediated words and images, both positive and negative. Looking at the time children spend watching television versus interacting with their parents, an unsettling trend emerges. In the mid-1960s, American children spent an average of 30 hours a week with their parents, whereas now, they spend an average of 17 hours with them
      - Children’s eating habits are also influenced by watching television and by watching commercials, in particular What is more, the incidence of obesity increases the more time children spend watching television, and children who are heavy television viewers tend to eat more snacks between meals than light television viewers.
    - - Agenda setting is a function of the gatekeeping process that news media practice daily.
      - A cumulative effects
        model of agenda setting looks at the repetition of certain messages and themes in the media. After viewers repeatedly see and hear about events and topics in the newspaper headlines or on the evening television newscast, they begin to believe that these are the important issues of the day.
      - Agenda setting can be thought of as the ability of the news media to focus attention and concerns on
        certain issues.
- - - - Further support for the limited-effects perspective emerged with the identification of selective processes. Selective processes are “defense mechanisms that we routinely use to protect ourselves (and our egos) from information that would threaten us. Others argue that they are merely routinized procedures for coping with the enormous quantity of sensory information constantly bombarding us”
        
        Selective exposure is the tendency to expose ourselves to media messages that we already
        agree with and that are consistent with our own values and beliefs.
        
        Selective perception is the tendency to change the meaning of a message in our own mind so
        it is consistent with our existing attitudes and beliefs.
        
        Selective retention is the tendency to remember those messages that have the most meaning
        to us.
      - Rather, we choose what messages to expose ourselves to and then screen and
        alter the meanings of those messages so they are consistent with our current attitudes and beliefs.
  - - - Magic Bullet Theory
        
        Many thought of the media as a ‘magic bullet’ or ‘hypodermic needle’ that could penetrate people’s bodies and minds and cause them to all react the same way to a mediated message. These fears were not unfounded when considering the successful propaganda campaigns waged during World War I, the newness of the mass media, and the move to the cities that left many people without close social networks.
      - Propaganda and Persuasion Theory
        
        During World War I, propaganda was used to spread hatred across nations, to concoct lies to justify the war, and to mobilize armies. Starting in the 1920s, the world followed Adolf Hitler’s rise to power, which was aided by his domination over radio and carefully crafted propaganda campaigns.
        
        Harold Brown has distinguished between the two concepts. According to Brown, propaganda and
        persuasive techniques are the same, but their outcomes differ. Propaganda is “when someone judges that the action which is the goal of the persuasive effort will be advantageous to the persuader but not in the best interests of the persuaded,” whereas persuasion is when the goal is perceived to have greater benefits
        to the receiver than to the source of the message
  - - - The television industry finally bowed to
        pressure and agreed to limit the extent of violence in children’s programs and to times when children would be less likely to watch.
        
        FCC v. Pacifica Foundation, 1978. In late 1973, comedian George Carlin’s expletive-filled
        monologue “Filthy Words,” was broadcast in the middle of the day on a noncommercial New York radio station owned by the Pacifica Foundation. the FCC ruling against Pacifica was upheld, and in 1978, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the
        definition of indecency. asserted that children were less likely to be in the audience between
        10:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m
        
        Miller v. California ruling that
        obscenity was not allowed on any broadcast medium, and it established the following criteria for determining obscenity:
        
        Whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest, and
        
        Whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically
        defined by the applicable state law, and
        
        Whether the work taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value
      - Offensive Song Lyrics
        
        After being offended by the lyrics in the Prince song
        “Darling Nikki,” Tipper Gore, then wife of then-Senator Al Gore, founded the now defunct Parents Music Resource Center to protect children and young adults from the influences of indecent and violent lyrics.
        
        The powerful-effects model is complex, and the circumstances must be
        right for certain effects to occur. Most young viewers today have grown up watching an enormous amount of violent television, yet they are not all aggressive and violent, as suggested by the magic bullet theory.