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The Immune System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - complex
      - simple
  - - - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model
    - - scale up phenomena
      - allows to make
        
        simple predictions
        
        about behaviour
    - - simplified and not dynamic
        
        limits accuracy
  - - - show structures
    - - Limited properties
        
        materials used
      - Don't always demonstrate
        
        process
    - - Tangible and Malleable
        
        doesn't decay
      - usually 3D
  - - - relationship between
        
        2+ variables
    - - Netwon's second law
        
        F= m x a
    - - physical world
    - - demonstrates relationships
        
        between variables
      - Quantitative predictions
        
        Increased accuracxy
    - - Visually looks
        
        one aspect
        
        isolation
      - not always
        
        simple to use
        
        easy to interpret
  - - - mathematical model
    - - approximate information
        
        real world
    - - build intuition
      - develops
        
        Hypothesis
        
        Connections
        
        Predictions
      - Stimulate large number
        
        different variables
    - - requires
        
        expert
        
        training
        
        costs
        
        expensive
      - Takes a long time
  - - - Flexible
      - Dynamic
        
        Construction
        
        Use
      - Easy to use
    - - Can be misinterpreted
        
        leads to misconceptions
      - Limited complexity
        
        predictions
      - Can be
        
        Not a perfect comparison
        
        real world concepts
        
        Inaccurate
      - Limited by past experiences
        
        of user
    - - Abstract concept
        
        hard to imagine
      - Familiar concept
  - - - Invalid Model
        
        if prediction + reality
        
        close
        
        confidence increases
        
        predict things
    - - to an end
      - not end themselves
    - - model with reality
        
        effective models
        
        have limitations
  - - - requires prior understanding
        
        immune system defences
        
        fully interpret model
        
        or could be misinterpreted
      - Doesn't allow
        
        quantitative predictions/observations
      - Simplified representation
        
        restricts complex predictions
        
        Scaled down human body
        
        limits predictions
        
        not as dynamic
        
        complex model
      - Doesn't indicate/represent
        
        movement
        
        harmful pathogens in the body
        
        pathogen entering body
        
        vaccinated/non-vaccinated individuals
        
        response to pathogens
        
        Labelled features functions
        
        fighting pathogens
    - - Visual representation
        
        location features immune system
        
        first line of defence
        
        Simplifies complex process
        
        demonstrates relationships
        
        between variables/features
        
        immune system
      - Easy to compare
        
        Other immune lines of defence
        
        and read
        
        Key + colour
        
        Differentiation colour
        
        Physical and chemical components
        
        greater understanding processes
        
        immune system
      - Allows qualitative
        
        observations/predictions
        
        how bodily systems work
        
        fight against harmful pathogens
      - Minimal materials used
        
        easy to construct/draw
        
        cheap
      - Safe representation
        
        potentially hazardous process
        
        introducing harmful pathogens
      - If having prior knowledge
        
        immune system line defences
        
        use diagram explain
        
        complex processes
        
        e.g. where white and red
        
        blood cells are made
      - Ability to be changed
        
        complex representation
- - - - To prevent pathogens
        
        Entering the body
        
        Pathogens
        
        entering the digestive system
        
        killed by stomach acid
        
        e.g. vomiting
        
        easiest way
        
        1 more item...
      - Involves
        
        The skin
        
        protects internal organs
        
        Harmful chemicals
        
        In the environment
        
        Pathogens
        
        Surface barrier
        
        diseases
        
        Bodily Fluids
        
        e.g. saliva and tears
        
        contain mild antiseptic properties
        
        help eliminate
        
        harmful substances
        
        2 more items...
        
        Lymph nodes
        
        contain white blood cells
        
        trap foreign particles
        
        Saliva/Salivary glands
        
        in the mouth
        
        contains substances
        
        help resist and removes
        
        microbes
        
        Lachrymal glands
        
        produce tears
        
        remove foreign particles
        
        https://www.google.com/search?q=immune+system+first+line+of+defense&safe=strict&rlz=1C1CHBF_en-GBAU898AU898&sxsrf=ALeKk015mwzeZJcfDO_ytoZZocRWkno8Qw:1591320448253&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj2w6rQwunpAhVKwjgGHTddAW0Q_AUoAXoECA8QAw&biw=1280&bih=578&dpr=1.5#imgrc=UgsEx252fTBEiM
      - Air coming through the nose
        
        filtered
        
        by nostril hairs
    - - once pathogens have entered body
        
        tissues
        
        activated
      - body can beomce
        
        inflamed
        
        red
        
        Swollen
        
        Inflammation
        
        body's response
        
        infection
        
        Damaged cells
        
        release a chemical
        
        causing increased blood flow
        
        affected areas
      - White blood cells
        
        Called Neutrophils
        
        consume bacteria
        
        overtime killing the neutrophils
        
        as they wear out
        
        once dead
        
        form yellow pus
        
        1 more item...
        
        sent to infected area
        
        move out blood vessels
        
        called phagocytes, that engulf
        
        destroying pathogens
        
        http://www.vce.bioninja.com.au/aos-2-detecting-and-respond/defence-against-disease/second-line-of-defence.html
    - - Lymphatic system
        
        made up of a series
        
        Vessels and capilaries
        
        carry fluid around body cells
        
        back to the heart
        
        Lymph nodes
        
        contain varies white blood cells
        
        lymphocytes
        
        respond
        
        making chemical i.e. antibody
        
        2 more items...
        
        macrophages
        
        consume + destroy pathogens
        
        Function
        
        destroy pathogens
        
        protect the body
        
        https://www.science.org.au/curious/people-medicine/what-immunisation
      - To fight off infection
        
        body's thermostat increases
        
        higher temperature
        
        i.e. fever
        
        Ensure pathogens cannot
        
        fully function
        
        makes it easier for immune system
        
        1 more item...
  - - - fights
        
        using immune cells
        
        e.g. phagocytes
      - provides general defence
        
        against harmful substances
        
        entering the body
      - everyone
        
        born with this immunity
    - - makes antibodies
        
        using them to fight
        
        germs entering the body
        
        previously been in contact
        
        specific pathogen
      - constantly
        
        adapting
        
        learning
      - fights bacteria
        
        that changes overtime
      - Only vertebrae's
        
        have this response/system
      - white blood cells
        
        B cells
        
        can mature and differentiate
        
        into plasma cells
        
        produce antibodies
        
        Rely on T cells
        
        provide signals
        
        begin maturation process
        
        recognises antigen
        
        divides and produces
        
        plasma cells
        
        secrete antibodies
        
        T cells
      - developed
        
        individual is exposed
        
        virus + diseases
    - - borrowed
        
        another source
        
        lasts for a short time
  - - - disease causing pathogens
    - - harmful substances
    - - attach to receptors
        
        on immune cells
    - - disease causing germ
        
        stores information
        
        how to fight it
        
        fight off faster
        
        if it returns
    - - contain protein
    - - spleen
        
        blood-filtering organ
        
        removes microbes
        
        destroys old + damaged
        
        blood cells
      - Bone marrow spongy tissue
        
        found inside bones
        
        Produces red blood
        
        needed to carry oxygen
        
        white blood cells
        
        fight off infection
        
        platelets
        
        help blood clot
        
        part of
        
        lymphatic system
        
        lymphocytes
        
        search for foreign invaders
        
        http://carehealthlive.com/2019/11/15/what-is-a-bone-marrow-transplant/
      - Thymus
        
        filters and monitors
        
        blood content
        
        produces
        
        white blood cells
        
        called T-lymphocytes
      - Antibodies
        
        help body
        
        fight of
        
        microbes and toxins produced
        
        achieved by recognising
        
        antigens on surface of microbe
        
        mark antigens for destruction
      - Lymphatic system
        
        a network
        
        delicate tubes
        
        throughout the body
        
        Main roles
        
        manage body
        
        fluid levels
        
        react to bacteria
        
        deal with
        
        cancer cells
        
        cell products
        
        that could result in
        
        disease
        
        absorb fats
        
        in diet from intestine
        
        Made up of
        
        white blood cells
        
        lymphocytes
        
        lymph nodes
        
        trap microbes
        
        lymph vessels
        
        tubes carry lymph
        
        colourless fluid
        
        covers body's tissue
      - Complement system
    - - white blood cells/memory cells
        
        every microbe defeated
- - - - body to stop
        
        Cause of disease
        
        less than 1%
        
        bacteria
        
        causes disease
        
        bacterial infection
        
        pathogenic bacteria
        
        can easily be spread/contagious
        
        Quarantine
        
        1 more item...
        
        e.g. Corona Virus
        
        caused by pathogens
        
        Treated with antibodies
        
        substances that kill
        
        harmful bacteria
        
        first successful antibody
        
        Penicillin
        
        1 more item...
        
        Pathogens
        
        enter the body
        
        food/water
        
        breathing in
        
        cuts/wounds
        
        physical contact
        
        working properly
    - - microscopic, unicellular organisms
      - can be have
        
        positive and negative affects
        
        E.g.
        
        Assists cows
        
        digestion
        
        Used in medicine
        
        Break down pollutants
    - - organism that lives in/on
        
        body of another organism (host)
      - Absorbs nutrients
        
        of its host
      - Can cause serious
        
        Disease + illness
    - - not caused by pathogens
      - cannot be transmitted
        
        one person to another
  - - - 100 times smaller than bacteria
    - - Inside cells
        
        they have invaded
        
        known as host cells
    - - used to create
        
        hundreds of the same virus
      - then bursts open
        
        releasing new virus
        
        infecting other cells
- - - - react like it has met
        
        a pathogen before
    - - by taking
        
        a minimal amount of poison
        
        produced by bacterium
        
        making it inactive
        
        using dead bacteria
        
        harmless
        
        however trigger
        
        2 more items...
    - - Vaccinated
        
        Whopping cough
        
        Tetanus
        
        in 2017, 94%
        
        5 year olds
        
        https://mckellinstitute.org.au/research/articles/immunising-australia-improving-australias-vaccination-rates/
        
        Diphtheria