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Chapter 6: The Proteins, Roles of protein, Amino acids, Structure of…
Chapter 6: The Proteins
Roles of protein
Enzymes
Build substances
Ex: bone
transform one substance into another
Ex: aminoacid into glucose
Catabolic
Breaking down reactions
Anabolic
Building up reactios
Structural
Muscles, blood and skin
All body´s cells
Hormones
Ex: insulin
Acid-base regulators
Accept and release H ions
Helps maintaining the balance between acids and bases
Transportation
Carry nutrients and other molecules
Ex: hemoglobin
Antibodies
Defend the body agains disease and invading antigens (immunity)
Source of energy and glucose
Times of insufficient CH intake
Proteins are sacrificed to provide energy and glucose
Vision
Retin
Regulators of fluid balance
Blood clotting
Amino acids
Structure
Amino Group (NH2)
Acid Group (COOH)
Central C atom
H atom
Side group
Varies from aminoacid to aminoacid
Proteins more complex than CH and lipids
Differ in
Size
Shape
Eletrical charge
Other charateristics
Essential
Body cannot make it
Must be provided by the diet
Conditionally essential
Ordinarily the body produced it
Special circunstances
Essential
Nonessential
Body produces it
Contains C, H, O and N
Structure of proteins
Primary
Sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Secondary
Weak eletrical attractions within the polypeptide chain
Sections of the chain twist into a helix or into a pleated sheet
Strenght
Rigidity
Tertiary
Long peptyde chains
Twist and fold
Complex and tangled shapes
Various tasks in the body
Hydrophobic group on the inside
Hydrophilic group on the outer surface
Quaternary
Polypeptides that don´t function alone
Interactions between >1 polypeptides
Associate with each other
Larger working complexes
Using amino acids
Make other compounds
Ex: neurotransmitters
Energy
Make glucose
Glycogen and fat
Proteins and nonessential amino acids
Problems related with protein
High protein diet
Food rich in animal protein are rich in saturated fats (generally)
High risk of heart disease
WHO (World Health Organization)
Classified processed meat as carcinogen :warning:
Osteoporosis (adult bone loss)
Weigh Control
Kidney disease
Accelerates kidney deteroration in people with chronic kidney disease
Doesn´t provoke kidney disease by itself
Quality of proteins
Influenced by
Amino acid composition
Digestibility
High quality
All the essentail amino acids
Animals
Low quality
Doensn´t have all the essential amino acids
Plants
Recommended intake of protein foods per week
20% seafood
70% meat
10% nuts, seeds and pulses
Amino acids broken down
Ammonia (NH3)
In the liver
NH3 + CO2= Urea
Releases urea into the blood
Excreted in the urine
Toxic :warning:
Keto acid (generally)
metabolic pathways
Protein Deficiency
Low synthesis of body proteins
High Degradation
Consequences
Harms brain
and kidney functions
Poor immunity
Slowed growth
Inadequate nutrient absorption
Protein Denaturation
Secondary, terciary and quaternary structures
Disrupted / Destroyed
Lose their shape
Lose their ability to function
High protein diet
Food rich in animal protein are generally rich in saturated fats
High risk of heart disease
Protein RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance)
adult
0,8g por kg of healthy body weight per day
