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Tenses - Coggle Diagram

- - - - British people drink a lot of tee. Italians drive on the right.
    - - My mother works as a nurse in the local hospital.
    - - A magnet attracts iron.The earth turns 360º every day.
    - - adverbs of frequency: (always, usually, often, never...)
        expression of frequensy (every ..., once a ...)
        
        The Blairs take their summer holiday in a quiet part of Tuscany.
    - - give direction, instruction often with impersonal you.
        (similar to the imperative but the imperative sounds more abrupt)
        
        From here you cross the road and go through the iron gate.
      - express the immediacy of an event
        (sports commentaries, where action is over before the description finishes)
        
        France kicks off, Zidane passes to Henry, Henry cuts inside.
    - - narrative or an anecdote
        
        There is an old woman with thick glasses and a name tag.
      - newspaper headlines
        
        Addicted Chaplin star gets three years for new drugs lapse.
      - for certain actions (formal)
        
        I look forward to receiving a prompt reply to my equiry.
    - - fixed events
      - events after words: when, after, as soon as.
      - Here comes
        There goes
        
        Here comes the postman
  - - - now, just, still, at the moment
        
        We are studying now.
        I'm just finishing smth in the kitchen.
    - - live, stay, work, study
        
        She is staying in the Waldoef Astoria on visits to NY.
    - - British summers are getting hotter and winters are getting wetter.
    - - happen within a temporary period
        
        Graham's having a tough time at the office at the moment and she is smoking about 50 sigaretts a day.
      - with always, forever, constantly (annoying)
        
        I'm always forgetting people's birthday.
    - - sports commentaries
        (action is in progress throughout the time of speaking)
        
        He crosses the line two seconds ahead of his closest rival.
    - - narrative or an anecdote (background)
        they started before the actions within the narrative.
        
        There is an old woman with thick glasses who is serving the hot drinks, so I go up to her and ask.
    - - fixed arrangement in the near future
    - - don't use in continious
        
        1) thinking, believing, oppinion: agree, know, recognise, believe, guess, doubt, imagine, mean, remember, forget, intend, realise,think(= believe, my opinion is), expect, feel (= think), see (= understand), suppose, understand
        2) feelings, wanting, emotions: like, dislike, love, hate, want, prefare, wish, need, adore, desire, despise, detest, envy, pity, trust,
        3) sences: see, hear, seem, smell, feel, taste, notice
        4) posession: have, own, wont, belong, include, lack, possess
        5) qualities: weigh, contain, consist, measure, exist, depend, deserve, involve, matter.
        6) verbs of existing or being: be, consist of, contain, exist
        7) verbs of appearance: appear, resemble, seem
        8) other verbs: concern, depend, deserve, fit, mean, mind,
        
        if they mean: state or action (involuntary) - no ing
        
        Your son is a very obedient child.
        They have three homes.
        I think that the world's problems are getting worse.
        The sign means "slow down".
        It appears the police have not started the nvestigation.
        She weighs 70 kilos.
        I taste cream in this. (there is a cream in the dish)
        
        if they mean: action (temporary, deliberate2) - ing
        (have different meaning)
        
        You son is being very obedient child at the moment. ( = is behaving)
        I'm havig a really good time.I'm thinking of contributing to Oxford. ( = am experiencing)
        You are always meaning to call us, but you never do. ( = am considering)
        The Philharmonic are appearing at the Palladium. (= are performing)
        I'm weighing the ingredients for the cake. ( = am action of weighing)
        2) I'm tasting the cream (the cream might be off)
        I'm seeing another guy. (= am dating)
        
        Some verbs of feeling can be used in both Pr.Simple and Pr. Continuous with no change in the meaning
        
        My wrist hurts/is hurting again.
        Do you feel/ are you feeling OK today?
    - - present Continuous + for
        
        We are staying here for another three months.
  - - - ongoing states and actions
        
        actions that is started in the past and are still continuing in the present:
        
        The manor house has stood on this spot for over two hundred years.
        
        for (+ period of time)
        since (+ point in time):
        
        don't use present simple/cont with them when we refer to a state that began in the past.
        
        My family has lived in this country since 1987/ for over 10 years.
        (since (preposition - connects noun and pronoun)
        
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        present Continuous + for
        
        present situation continuing in the future.
        
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        the action happened in the past but may happen again in the future.
        the period of time in which the action took place is unfinished.
        it may be repeated or it may happened only once.
        
        I’ve only been to Hong Kong once, but I’d love to go again.
        NASA has sent probes to various planets in the solar system (may send more)
        
        John Grisham has written some on the most successful legal thrillers. (He is alive)
        Agata Christie wrote a huge number of thrillers. (She is dead)
        
        this + week, year, months.
        
        This channel has shown about four wildlife documentaries this week.
        
        After superlative: the best, the greatest + often " ever "
        After ordinal nimbers: the first (second), the only + often " ever "
        
        It's the worst sports programme I have ever seen and the first I have ever written.
      - Adverbs:
        ever, often, seldom, never, so far, already, yet, still.
        
        already + affirmative
        yet + negative, questions
        
        The Prime Minister has seldom been put in such a difficult position.
        We have already seen that film but they haven't seen it yet.
        We already saw the film, but they didn't see it yet.
      - present relevance
        
        completed in the past
        has relevance to the present (the result of the action)
        
        The avalanche has devastated the skiing industry in the area.
        
        recent action
        
        often with: just, recently, lately.
        
        We can start the interview now as all the candidates have arrived.
        Has the sports centre increased its membership fees lately?
        
        don't use present perfect with definite time in the past (exept: since and for). We usually use past simple.
        
        Mr Brown arrived half an hour ago. She's waiting in the staff room.
        
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        the time is not stated, especially when the past action has some relevance to the present.
        
        Ms Brown has arrived. She's in the staff room and is ready to see you now.
      - other uses
        
        news broadcasts and reports often use it
        to introduce a story before moving into past tences.
        
        Former Tansanian President has died at the age of 77 in a London hospital. He came to London in...
        
        to introduce a new topic of conversation
        
        I've heard from Mourice - he's been in Australia for the last two months.
        
        in time clause (when, after) we use Present Perfect with future references.
        
        We will make a move as soon as the rain has stopped.
      - Present Perfect
        VS
        Past Simple
        
        Present Perfect
        
        Unfinished state/action
        
        Spain has governed the enclave of Ceuta since 1580.
        
        Unfinished time
        
        I haven't seen Keith this morning yet. (It’s still morning.)
        
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        Past Simple
        
        Finished state/action
        
        Spain governed the state of Western Sahara from 1958 to 1976.
        
        Finished time
        
        I didn't see Keith at all this morning. (It’s now afternoon/evenlng.)
        
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  - - - state or action which began in the past and is still continuing or has just finished:
        
        Women have been speaking out on this issue for some time.
        Where have Zou been? I've been talking to Jenny.
        
        since or for
        
        I've been looking into the possibility of early retirement since the reorganisations.
      - present perfect continuous VS present perfect
        
        Simple: I've learnt how to play chess. ( = I can play chess now)
        Continous: I've been learning how to play chess. ( = I'm still learning)
        
        we focus on the duration of an action so we don't mention the number of times that we have done the action.
        
        I've called you five times this morning. Where have you been?
      - present perfect continuous VS present simple
        
        Present Perfect Continious - suggest that state and action may change. it is temporary
        
        We subscribe to one of the satellite TV companies. (unlikely to change)
        We've been subscribing to one of the satellite TV companies. (not a fixed situation - we may change)
        
        lately, recently - new developments that may be temporary
        
        Helen's been spending a lot of time at the club lately.
      - present perfect continuous VS present continuous
        
        present perfect continuous + for - to specify that the activity started in the past and is still continuing.
        
        I have been learning how to play chess for 3 years now.
      - don't usually used in the passive
        
        The nurses have been monitoring the patient's heart rate continuously.
    - - to explain present result
        the focus is on the activity rather than the result.
        we don't use time adverb.
        
        I'm sorry the hall is in such a mess. We 've been decorating.
        
        We have been trialling the new software prior to its release on the open market.
        We have completed the new software trial and are now ready to release it.
    - - Present Perfect
        
        Completion
        
        This country has welcomed several hundred refugees from Kosovo in the last few weeks.
        
        Repeated action
        
        She has played with the symphony orchestra three times this season.
        
        Permanent situation
        
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      - Present Continuous
        
        Continuation
        
        This country has been welcoming political refugees for many years.
        
        Duration of action
        
        She has been playing with the symphony orchestra all season.
        
        Temporary situation
        
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- - - - We didn't hear the intruder because we were sleeping on the top floor that night.
    - - During my training I was earning a lot less than my wife.
        His symproms were becoming more pronounced each day.
    - - We were watching the sky and listening for the first sounds of the dawn chorus.
    - - to emphasise that the repeated action took place over a temporary and limited period in the past
        
        For the first three months she was receiving chemotherapy on a weekly basis.
    - - past continuous - action in progress
        past simple - action that interrups action in progress
        
        Elizabeth was hunting when messengers arrived with the news of Mary's plot.
        
        if the background action finishes just before the event
        which interrupts it, we use past perfect continuous
        
        Jane opened the door to let Philip in.
        He had been running in the rain.
    - - the arranged event may or may not have taken place (similar to future in the past)
        
        Nancy was taking the next flight to Paris.
    - - Were you planning on going somewhere else later?
  - - - If the context is clear, it's not necessary to give past time references.
        
        Holland was occupied by the Germans in 1940.
        Caesar’s troops failed to defeat the indigenous tribes
    - - When we got to the junction I took the left turn while Micky took the right.
    - - When I was a child, I went to the beach every summer.
        My brother applied for a visa six times before he got one. (наголошуємо на тому що дія відбулась швидше за допомогою before)
    - - the actions follow immediately after each other,
        one action causes a result
        
        Silverman ran to the car, jumped in and raced off into the night.
      - when the sequnce is obvious
        
        I opened the door and let him in.
    - - past habits
        
        used to or would
        
        habits which happened regularly in the past but no longer happen
        (or vice versa) or now happened with more or less frequency.
        
        We used to get paid every three months.
        We would get up early every Sunday to go to church.
      - past states
        
        used to
        would (NOT CORRECT) :
        
        describe states that have changed.
        
        Lithuania used to be part of the Soviet Union.
        There didn't use to be any crime around here in the old days.
      - Careful!!!
        
        used to + verb ing - become accustomed to smth
        
        He wasn't used to living on his own.
  - - - By the time the UN task force arrived, the rebel forces had taken the province.
    - - The new owners found that the timbers had been patched up several times.
    - - At the time of her trial last year she had been in prison for 8 months.
    - - we use past perfect to make sequence of events clear.
        
        past perfect - earlier action
        past simple - later action
        
        When we got back the babysitter had gone (went) home.
      - after, as soon as, then
        before (past actionthat prevent later action from happening.
        
        She sacked him before he'd had a chance to explain his behaviour.
      - describe the cause of a past event
        
        David didn't join the band as he'd signed up with a rival label.
    - - with words: hope, expect, want, plan, think about, wish
        
        They had hoped to get to the summit but Travers fell ill at base camp.
  - - - He had been working for over an hour before the auditors turned up.
    - - The few survivors looked painfully thin. They had been living on a meagre rations since the accident.
    - - The eager fans had been waiting in the line for over six hours.
    - - we mention the number of times that we have done an action.
        
        have completed action,
        
        background situations still continuing at the same time as the past simple narrative
        
        We had been living in New York when John was made redundant.(NOT CORRECT)
- - - - Future Simple (will/won't + infinitive)
        
        predictions based on guesswork, analysis or judgement.
        (to predict an event which we think will happen because similar events have happened in the past)
        
        We'll still be here in twenty years.
        Will interest rates rise in the net few weeks.
        
        The laptop battery will give you about two hours' continuous use.
        (This is what previous batteries have done.)
      - be going to + infinitive
        
        to make a prediction, especially if there is evidence in the present to justify the prediction
        ( there should be a strong link with the present and the prediction is often about the near future)
        
        Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain.
        Look out! You're going to spill the wine.
        
        it is possible to use will with present evidence, but we usually use an adverb:
        
        Look at the sky. It will probably/ definitely rain.
      - Future Continuous (will / won't be + verb - ing)
        
        temporary actions in progress at a particular point in the future.
        
        This time next Tuesday afternoon I’ll be lying on the beach!
        
        with this form we:
        don't use the passive
        don't use the verb be in the continuous
        
        The chairman will be presenting the proposal at the next meeting. (NOT: The proposal will be being presented...)
        Shelley will be in Morocco this time tomorrow. ( NOT: Shelley will be being)
        
        to make presiction about actions we believe to be the case now (continuous)
        
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      - Future Perfect (will / won't have + past participle)
        
        predictions about actions which we expect to be completed by a particular time in the future.
        
        adverb/phrase: soon, by then, within the next week
        
        He'll have had the operation by May and should be a lot fitter then.
        I'll finished my work within the next hour
      - Future Perfect Continuous (will / won't have been + verb -ing)
        
        action which is still ongoing at a point in the future,
        to focus on the duration of the action.
        
        We'll have been living in this house for twenty years in December.
        (with words: live, work, stay we can also use future perfect - We'll have lived)
        
        rarely used in passive
        
        By July they will have been building the house for a year. (NOT: will have been being built)
    - - Future Simple (will/ won't + infinitive)
        
        a decision made at the time of speaking
        
        You look tired. I'll cook dinner tonight.
        
        in speach we stress will/ won't to indicate determination.
        In this case we don't contract the auxiliary verb.
        We can contract it only when we stress an adverb instead of it.
        
        I will come with you at the weekend, whatever my parents say.
        
        in questions we can use shall
        
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      - be going to + infinitive
        
        actions that have already been decided on
        
        He is going to study environmetal law next year.
        
        impersonal intention (e.g of an authority)
        
        The Government is going to increase VAT in the budget.
        
        we can't use go and come in the same sentence.
        
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    - - Present Continuous
        
        to describe an event in the future which has been arranged by the time of speaking:
        
        there are some form of commitment
        
        other ppl may be involved or the speaker arranges it by themselves.
        
        this arrangement can be impersonal
        
        Compare:
        We’re seeing a musical at the theatre next week. (= We've got the tickets.)
        We’re going to see a musical at the theatre sometime next week, (not arranged yet: the focus is on our intention)
        
        Compare:
        I’m staying in tonight. I've got loads of paperwork to do.
        I’m going to stay in tonight, (focus on intention)
        
        Computer City has announced that it is opening four new shops next month.
        
        Can't be used with events that are beyond human control because these events are predictions.
        
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      - Future Continuous (will/ won't be + verb ing)
        
        events that are a result of or part of an arrangement made in the past.
        (a tactful way of asking about someone's plans or refusing an invitation)
        
        How about joining us at the cottage this Sunday?'
        'Oh, we can't. We’ll be coming back from Edinburgh on Sunday.
        We're visiting Julianne.
        
        future cont VS present cont (for arrangements)
        future cont - making the arrangement more fixed and less open to change
    - - Present Simple
        
        The tour departs on October 11th for 15 days and costs 495
    - - Future Continuous
        
        focuses on the routine, especially when the event continues for a period of time (meeting)
        
        We'll be having our weekly meeting tomorrow so I'll present your proposal then.
        
        present ontinuous focuses on the arrangement rather than routine.
        
        We're having our weekly meeting tommorow instead of Friday this week.
        
        the event is inevitable
        
        1 more item...
      - Future Simple
        
        statements of fact about the future.
        
        The sun will rise at 5.30 tomorrow morning.
        Next week I'll be 21.
    - - We can make predictions, intentions, decisions stronger or weaker by using adverbs: definitely, certainly, probably, possible.
        
        She'll definitelly make a fool of herself.
      - We can show our attitute to the future event by using an introductory verb: think, expect, hope, suppose...
        
        I expect she'll call us from the iarport.
        
        We usually show negative meaning at the beginning of the sentence with the introductory verb.
        
        I think I won't pass the exam. ( NOT CORRECT)
        I don't think I'll pass the exam.
    - - when, after, as soon as, once, untill, + present form
        
        Won't the park look good once the new trees reach/have reached maturity.
        Effective penal reform will not be achieved until the government takes it seriously.
    - - be to + infinitive (Formal English)
        
        official arrangements in the future
        
        common in writing especially in news articles
        
        The President is to hold an official reception for the visitors.
        
        The verb be is often omitted in headlines
        
        President to hold official reception.
        
        1 more item...
        
        in if clauses - if we want to say that the event in the if clause dependents on the event in the main clause (happening first)
        
        If British tennis is to reach world standard again, both more money and more commitment will be necessary.
        (money must be given first for Br tennis to improve)
        
        be (not) to + infinitive - formal commands and instructions
        
        You are not to disturb the head teacher while the inspectors are here next week.
        
        common to use passive for instruction
        
        These pills are not to be taken with any other form of medicine.
      - be due to + infonitive
        
        events that forms part of a timetable
        (usually used with time phrase)
        
        Carriageway repairs on this stretch of the motorway are due to start on 26th May.
        
        be to VS be due to
        it is possible that the timetable may change,
        the event is not totally fixed as in the phrase be to
        
        New measures to contain asylum seekers are due to come into force on 1st August but a case currently before the European court may delay this until the autumn.
      - expressing the near future
        
        be about to
        
        the event may or may not be planned, but there are
        evidence in the present indicates that it will happen.
        
        Ladies and gentlemen. Please take your seats.
        The performance is about to start.
        
        We can stress that the future event is very imminent by adding just
        
        Come on! The check-in desk is just about to close.
        
        1 more item...
        
        on the point of + noun or ing
        on the verge of + noun or ing
        
        Don't provoke your little brother. You can see he’s on the point of losing his temper.
        
        don't use time adverbials (e.g in an hour) with this expressions.
        
        adjectives with future meaning (more formal):
        
        imminent,
        
        forthcomming,
        
        impending( used as attribute before a noun)
        
        A decision from the judjes is imminent.
        
        No one could shake off the sensation of impeding doom.
      - Expressing probability and certainty
        
        be (un) likely to + infinitive
        
        smth in the future is (im)probable
        
        The payment is likely to take ten days
        They're unlikely to arrive before six.
        
        be sure (bound / certain) (NOT) + to infinitive
        
        smth is definitely going to happen.
        
        The new timetable is sure to annoy some of the teachers when they see it.
        Don't worry about Dad - he's sure not to find out about the loan. (formal)
        Don't worry about Dad - I'm sure he won't find out about the loan.(not formal)
        
        be sure / certain + to infinitive
        
        used as imperative
        
        Be sure/certain to give me a call when you arrive at the hotel
        
        don't use be bound to in this way
    - - main verbs
        
        don't use a future form with them
        
        decide, hope, intend, promise, swear + to
        
        I hope to see everyone at the next Open Day
        
        anticipate, predict, envisage + ing/noun
        
        We anticipate congestion on all routes out of London this weekend.
        Do you envisage experiencing any difficulty with this machine?
        
        1 more item...
      - modal verbs
        
        express a degree of possibility or probability
        
        Such financing opportunity may/might not be so readily available in the future.
        The Swiss team should triumph in tomorrow's final.
    - - was/were going to + infinitive
        
        usually the plan is not fulfilled, but sometimes it can be fulfilled.
        
        I was going to get up early this morning butt the alarm didn't go off!
        
        'Thanks for posting my letters.' ‘That’s OK. I was going to post mine anyway.' (= I did post my letters.)
      - present continuous ---- past continuous
        will ---- would
        will be - ing ---- would be + ing
        will have + past participle ---- would have + [past participle
        is/are about to/due to ---- was/were about to/due to
        is/are ---- was/were
        
        was/were (due) to + present inf ---- we don't know if the event happened or not:
        was/were (due) to + perfect infinitive ---- we know that the event did not occur
        
        The Professor was to take up his chair in October.
        The exam results were (due) to have arrived at the school today but apparently the exam board has not posted them yet.