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Neoplasms (Ch 5) - Coggle Diagram
Neoplasms (Ch 5)
Melanoma
Characteristics
Present with a wide range of clinical characteristics; may mimic benign lesions like the nevus. May present with change in sensation such as itching or numbness around lesion. In vertical phase region exhibits nodular appearance forms a raised, variably colored, dumb shaped area within the original lesion. Mucosal melanoma's make up a doubt 1% of cases and can occur in the oral cavity. Referred to ABCDEs of malignant melanoma: asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter, evolving.
Dental implications
Clinician should observe all the visible pigmented areas using the ABCDE method and refer suspicious areas for evaluation.
Method of transmission
May have slight genetic predisposition
Treatment and prognosis
Accounts for majority of deaths associated with skin cancer. Prognosis depends on thickness of the original lesion and whether metastasis to regional lymph nodes has occurred. Five-year survival rate for all melanomas combined is 92% early discovery of lesion-five-year survival rate is 98%; regional lymph nodes or distant spreading-five year survival rate is 62 and 18% respectively.
Etiology
Risk factors include artificial tanning, nevi/moles, immunosuppression, personal history of skin cancer, familial history of melanoma, UV radiation, individual characteristics, sun exposure and previous sunburns.
Cancer Metastasis to The Oral Cavity
Characteristics
Lesions of the jaw bones present as poorly defined radiolucent or, rarely, radiopaque defects-may or may not involve tooth roots. Patient may experience pain, loosening of the teeth, bone expansion, or growth of a soft tissue tumor. May also notice paresthesia of lip and jaw fractures. Distinguished by ill-defined border.
Dental implications
Patients with a history of cancer should be more closely examined in the oral cavity or in x-rays.
Method of transmission
N/A
Treatment and prognosis
Determined by type of primary tumor and extent of metastasis. Prognosis with severe metastasis is about 10% reaching 5 years.
Etiology
Cancer cells from any type of primary tumor may metastasize to the oral cavity. However, breast, lung, prostate, renal cell, liver, and colorectal cancers have been reported more frequently.
Non-melanoma cancers
Basal cell carcinoma
Characteristics
85% are found in the head and neck with most of these on the face; early lesions present as popular growth with a sessile base; Tumor becomes more nodular in size features specific to BCC begin to appear; central area of Nigel becomes depressed and ulcerated and may become crusted. Borders of lesion or raised an exhibit a pearly appearance, with a network of small capillaries visible on the surface. Lesions are painless. Tumors are locally destructive and can cause deformities. Could possibly appear on lips or Vermilion border.
Dental implications
Patient should be referred to appropriate physician for evaluation
Method of transmission
Genetic predisposition; may be transferred to offspring
Treatment and prognosis
Options include surgical excision, laser surgery, cryo-surgery, electro desiccation, and radiation. Five-year survival rate for Localize BCC is over 99%. Patients who have had one skin cancer have a 50% chance of developing another at a different site within five years. Annual monitoring is expected.
Etiology
Risk factors include ultraviolet light, genetic factors, long-term immunosuppression, and arsenic and gesturing
Squamous cell carcinoma
Characteristics
Often develops in pre-existing actinic keratosis. Early lesions present as a painless, nonhealing, rough, erythematic, scaly popular that may cause pruritis.
Dental implications
Lesion in larges and becomes indurated. Eventually the surface becomes ulcerated and crusted and bleeds easily. Surrounding tissues are usually erythematic and inflamed.
Method of transmission
SCC associated with HPV occurs only after infection with the virus; SCC is not transmissible
Treatment and prognosis
Options include surgical excision, laser surgery, cryo-surgery, electrodesiccation, radiation, and PDT. Five-year survival rate for localized SEC is over 90%. Metastasis: five-year survival rate drops to 25% to 45%. Monitoring is expected annually.
Etiology
Risk factors include ultraviolet light, arsenic and Jestyne, radiation therapy, areas that were previously burned, Genetics, skin diseases or injuries that cause scarring. Associations of HPV with SCC and he had a neck.