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Real and apparent time - Coggle Diagram

- - - - real time studies of change: Ideal World
        
        panel studies
        
        Studies of variation across real time when participants are held constant
        
        trend studies
        
        involves comparing speech from members of the same community at different points in time
        
        often comparing two or more similar synchronic studies
    - - Major social/demographic changes in a community distort results or even make further results impossible
        
        ex
        
        Germany with re-unification in 1990
      - Not all societies function in the same way
  - - - Sampling speakers of different age groups
      - comparing variation across generations
      - critical period
        
        The period during which language learning seems to be easiest, that is, in childhood/early adolescence
    - - changes across the lifespan are ignored
      - Lexical variation and change