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Kajian Identitas dan Bahasa dalam Perspektif Pascastrukturalisme (New) -…

- - - - constitutes a set of theoretical stances that serve to critique prevailing assumptions regarding the sources and nature of identity, and the rational, humanist subject of the Enlightenment (see Weedon, 1997; Norton, 2000; Kramsch, 2009; Morgan & Clarke, 2011)
      - critiques the conditions and foundations of knowledge, particularly with reference to its apparent objectivity and universal applicability (see Foucault, 1980)
      - critiques the representational capacities of language and texts
        
        foregrounding their intertextuality, multivocality, and at times indeterminacy (see Derrida, 1978; Sarup,
        1993)
- - - - the multiple, non-unitary nature of the subject
      - as a site of struggle
      - as changing overtime.
  - - - take place at the crossroads of the past, present, and future, as in their day-to-day interaction with environments, individuals are constantly reconciling their current sense of self and their accumulated past, with a view to dealing with what awaits them in the future
      - This process is necessarily conflictive in nature
      - dialectic process
      - Result: ambivalence
        
        ambivalence emerges from the uncertainty feeling a part of activities or collectives of individuals and feeling apart from them (Bauman 1991)
        
        the conflicting feelings of love and hate and it is the simultaneous affirmation and negation of such feelings
        
        The tension between self and other, desire and lack, life and death, consciousness and unconsciousness (Elliot, 1996: 8)
        
        natural state of human beings who are forced by their individual life trajectories to make choices where choices are not easy to make and to develop syntheses
        
        The result of identity construction is not a question of adding the new to the old. Nor is it a half-and-half proposition whereby an individual becomes half of what he or she was and half of what he or she has been exposed to.
        
        Third space (Bhabha 1994; Hall 1996)
        
        Negotiation of difference (Papastergiadis, 2000): the past and the present “encounter and transform each other” in the “presence of fissures, gaps and contradictons”
        
        Thus, to some extent, identity is a self-conscious, reflexive project of individual agency, created and maintained by individuals.
      - Identity construction is the period of destabilization of identity and a struggle to reach the balance. [Block 1997]
    - - Cultural supermarket: it is like a supermarket that offers foods all over the world, international media and advanced technologies together make available to individuals around the world a range of identities assumed. However, it is not a complete free market. Social structures within such individuals (like state governments, peer groups, or educational systems) that constrain the amount and scope of choice available to individuals.