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Biology Revision - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Straw coloured liquid that transports blood cells and many other substances including dissolved nutrients such as glucose and amino acids and proteins and hormones.
    - - Small red cells that carry oxygen and are bound to haemoglobin. They are biconcave and have no nucleus to carry more oxygen
    - - Release chemicals when the blood is exposed to air, which causes soluble fibrinogen to be converted into insoluble fibrin. This fibrin forms a mesh which stops blood and platelets escaping.
    - - Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens and Lymphocytes release antibodies which which bind to and destroy pathogens
- - - - Add biuret solution to food sample and if sample goes blue to mauve proteins present
  - - - add iodine to food sample and if the sample goes orange to blue/black, starch is present
  - - - Get sample and add benedicts solution to it in a boiling tube. then put boiling tube in water bath at 80 degrees for 5 mins. If the solution turns yellow to brick red glucose is present
  - - - Add ethanol and shake. add water and if a white emulsion forms lipids are present
- - - - Uses oxygen to break down glucose and release energy. some energy is released as heat , but most is trapped in a usable form of ATP.
      - glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
      - C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20
        
        Plant = 6CO2 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
      - Releases lots of ATP because the glucose is completely oxidised
    - - Sometimes cells can respire without oxygen - anaerobic respiration
        
        Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide (plants)
        
        C6H12O6 -> C2H6O + CO2
      - Glucose -> lactic acid (animal)
        
        C6H12O6 -> C3H6O3
    - - Diaphragm contracts and flattens -> ribs push out -> intercostal muscles relax -> pressure decrease -> volume increases -> air flows in
    - - Diaphragm relaxes and bulbs -> ribs go down and in -> intercostal muscles contract -> pressure increases ->volume decreases -> air flows out
- - - - Some have a reproductive structure- mushroom or toadstool
      - Feed by saprotrophic nutrition
      - Cells have no chloroplasts, a chitin cell wall and many nuclei per cell
      - Store carbs as glycogen
      - Many multicellular- consist of threads of cells called hyphae whole structure is called mycelium
    - - Cells can have : chloroplasts, cell wall, flagella(tail) for movement
      - Some photosythesis, other feed on living organisms.
      - There is lots of variation
      - All single celled
    - - All multicellular- made of many cells
      - Store carbs as glycogen
      - Cells do not have chloroplasts or a cell wall
      - Have a nervous system for coordination and movement
      - Eat other living things to obtain nutrients
    - - small single cells organisms and they are prokaryotes so they have no proper nucleus. instead the genetic material is in the form of a single circular chromosome
      - Huge range of types
      - Many bacteria have a slime capsule, outside the cell wall and providing more protection
    - - All multicellular
      - Cells have: chloroplasts- for photosynthesis. and cellulose cell wall
      - Store carbs as starch or sucrose
      - Make their own complex biological molecules by photosythesis
  - - - Made of carbon hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
      - Made of many amino acids joined together
      - There are 20 different type of amino acids which can be combined in any order each one doing something different
      - Some functions include combating disease and controlling chemical reaction
    - - Made of Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
      - Made of 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule
      - Functions include energy storage and thermal insulation
    - - Made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
      - Carbs are broken down in a chemical reaction called respiration to release energy
      - simple sugars (e.g glucose and fructose) are the smallest unit of carbs
      - Lots of simple sugars can make complex carbs such as glycogen