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Physics and Chemistry 2nd ESO - Coggle Diagram
Physics and Chemistry 2nd ESO
U1: Matter
Pure substances and mixtures
Pure substances
They are materials made up of just one substance
Elements
They are substances made up of just one atom
Compounds
They are pure substances made up of more than one type of atom
Mixtures
They are materials made up of various substances
Homogeneous mixtures
They are mixtures in which we cannot distinguish the diferent types of substances
Heterogeneous mixtures
They are mixtures in which we can distinwgish clearely the diferent types of substances.
Atoms and molecules
Atoms, are the particles of which matter is composed of.
There are 25 million of them in just one centimetre
There are over 100 types of atoms but only 90 of them can be found on nature
The periodic table
Each atom has a symbol which is the letter of its name in english, latin, german or arabic.
The periodic table, is a clasification system of the diferent types of atoms we know.
The rows across the periodic table are named periods. And the columns are named groups or families
All the elements in the periodic table can be clasified as metals, semi-metals or non-metals.
Hidrogen and helium
The most abundant atoms in the universe, are hydrogen and helium in this order, about the 98% of matter, in the universe is made up of this atoms.
Example: the sun is composed in a 75% of hydrogen and a 24% of helium.
Separating mixtures
Sieving
Separate two solids
Decanting
Separate a heterogeneous mixture of two liquids
Filtration
Separate a solid and a liquid
Evaporation
Separate a homogeneous mixture of a solid and a liquid
Chromatography
Separate homogeneous mixtures of two substances which travel at diferent speeds
SI systems
(International System of units)
It is a system of units of measurement created to ease the exgange of technical and scientific information between countries.
Some of these units are base units and the rest are derived units that are mathematical combinations of base units.
Matter properties
All matter has the following genral properties
It is formed by very small particles called atoms
Atoms have mass, therefore so does matter
Atoms occupy space and have volume. Matter therefore also has volume
A substance is a particular type of matter with specific properties
Colour
Hardness
These specific properties, allow to distinguish different types of substances
Boiling and melting points
U2: Chemical Reactions
Type of reactions
Neutralisation
Reaction between acid and a base
Acid+ carbonate= salt + water + carbon dioxide
Some buildings contains carbonates
Reaction of metals with metals
Only some metals react with acids
Acid + metal = salt + hydrogen
Burning
Also called combustion
Substances + oxygen = oxide and the substance
When an element burns, it produce oxides, but when hydrocarbon burns it produces carbon dioxide and water
Law conservation
As a result, the mass of the product must equal the mass of the rreactants
"In chemical reaction, no matter is gained or lost
Test to identify the speed of the reaction
increase surface area of reactants
Use a catalyst in the reaction
increase temperature of reactions
increase pressure of reaction
Increase concentration of reactants
U3: Forces & Movement
speed, distance and time
formula
average speed = distance / time
graph
lines
horizontal: stationary object
straight diagonal: constant speed
steeper line = greater gradient and speed
acceleration
Acceleration = Change in speed (m/s) / (s) time taken
a = Δv / t
Δv = V2 - V1
Δv = speed at the end - speed at the start
Deacceleration can also happen
definition of forces
types
contact
friction
opposite direction of movement when 2 surfaces are in contact
drag
opposite direction of movement when something moves through the air
faster speed = more drag
push
pull
upthrust
pushes objects in a liquid up
non-contact
magnetic
attraction or repulsion
between magnets
electric
between charges
attraction or repulsion
gravitational
between masses
always attraction
mass and weight
Mass
The amount of matter in an object
Units;p: Kilograms (kg)
Instrument balance
Its the same on any planet
Weight
It)p's the force of atraction between the object and the planet where this object is on.
Units: Newtons (N)
Instrument: force meter
It depends on the planet the object ia on
balanced and unbalanced
U4: Energy
Definition
the ability to make something happen
Types
Chemical
reactions
exothermic
hot
endothermic
cold
Magnetic
attract
repel
Electrical
Heat
Potential gravitational
height
EP = m x g x h
Mechanical
potential and kinetic
Em = Ep + Ek
Light
Kinetic
movement
EK = 1⁄2 · m · v2
Nuclear
reactions
fusion
nuclei join
fission
nucleus splits
Sound
Energy Transfer
it can be transformed from one type to another
it can be shown
using an energy flow diagram
ex.1:
candle- chemical energy → heat energy + light
ex. 2:
hairdryer- electrical energy → heat energy + kinetic energy + sound
Conservation
energy can´t
be created
be destroyed
it can only be transformed from one type
to another
Resources
renewable
they will not run out
Wind
Tides
Waves
Running water
Biomass
Solar
Geothermal
non-renewable
they will run out
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Fossil fuels
Nuclear fuels