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Chapter 10 Mind Map - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The future of radio may well be in the mobile audience. Autos still
        have dashboard radios, and that means a captive audience may still be available for many years. The
        audience of the future will probably best be reached through their smartphones. Smartphones could easily become radio receivers, but it is more likely that streaming technology
        will be the best access to radio.
  - - - Erosion of the television audience by cable, satellite, and the Internet presents a serious
        threat to those stations without signature local news broadcasts. It is predicted that in 2020, cable companies will pay $9 billion to broadcasters in retransmission fees.This amount of money is an incentive for television station groups to continue to consolidate. One possible approach could be for a cable company like Comcast that owns
        NBC to bypass local affiliates altogether and deliver NBC programming directly to its enormous number of cable customers.
        
        Local, over-the-air television can survive, but there is likely to be a similar upheaval in
        television as has taken place among newspapers As dire as circumstances have been for newspapers, television could be worse; there are more television stations in a local service area than there are newspapers. Few of these stations could survive without a national network partner or strong program provider. Some stations have relied upon increasing local news to compensate for the lack of network programming or the high cost of network programming.
  - - - The number of cable television subscriptions will continue to drop because of a variety of factors. First is the simple competition that comes from satellite delivery and free over-the-air broadcast signals. Second is the trend of cable companies raising prices to compensate for subscriber losses. Third, cable companies are some of the most mistrusted and maligned companies in the country. Fourth, most young people today have no fear of cutting the cord.
- - - - mandated that affiliation
        contracts be limited to 3 years, that affiliates could reject network programs, that networks could own only one affiliate per market, and that networks had the right to offer to nonaffiliated stations the programs that affiliates do not want to air.
        
        the networks began a legal challenge that went to the U.S. Supreme Court (NBC v. United States, 1943). notable result of the ruling was that in 1943,
        NBC was forced to divest the smaller of its two networks, the Blue network, which was subsequently renamed the American Broadcasting
        Company (ABC).
  - - - The big three networks continued television operations relatively unchanged from 1953 until 1985, when Capital Cities Communications, took control of ABC. Just 1 year later, in 1986, RCA, the parent company of NBC, was sold to GE, GE then sold NBC’s radio network to a radio
        program syndicator, Westwood One. In 1995, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, acquired CBS, renamed itself CBS Corporation. In 1996, ABC was sold again; the Walt Disney Company acquired Capital Cities/ABC for $18.5 billion. CBS was sold again in 1999, this time to conglomerate Viacom
- - - - DirecTV was launched in 1994 after joining with the United States Satellite Broadcast company (USSB). DirectTV bought out USSB in 1998 and acquired PrimeStar, a competitor, a year later. AT&T acquired the company in 2015 for the purpose of expanding its multichannel television delivery in the U.S. and in Latin America, a fast-growing market.
      - Dish Network began as part of EchoStar, a company formed in 1980 to distribute satellite dishes. After numerous acquisitions, Dish Network was spun off from parent company EchoStar in 2008. Dish Network controls programming, customer service, and marketing, while
        EchoStar manages the satellites and other technology aspects of the service
        
        In 2015, the company announced the start of the Sling TV service, an over-the-top (Internet-based) service that allows customers to get multichannel television service on many different devices for only $20 per month. The company markets the service as a no-commitment, no-installation, no-extra-fee service that can be cancelled anytime online without penalty.
  - - - In the mid 1990s, cable had about 95% of all television subscribers. Now, because of competition from satellite services and telcos, cable’s market share is about 50%.
- - - - In the 1970s, the number of cable operators grew steadily as cities adopted franchising
        agreements so cities could be wired by cable companies.
  - - - By the late 1990s, the bulk of cable subscribers were held by the top 10 multiple system operators (MSOs), consolidating the industry. The leading cable company in the late 1990s, TeleCommunications, Inc. (TCI). TCI had almost 14 million subscribers. In 1999 it was purchased by AT&T. Charter Communications then acquired some of the cable systems owned by AT&T.
- - - - the FCC creates its own
        guidelines for electronic media. To do so, the agency must announce its intent to create a new regulation and then publish a draft of it. After publishing the proposed rule, the FCC must wait for comments from
        both audiences and professionals in electronic media.
        
        Through its Office of Strategic Planning and Policy Analysis, the FCC also reviews the overall past
        economic performance of the electronic media and makes projections for the future of the industry.
        
        The Enforcement Bureau of the FCC has the responsibility of making sure that broadcasting and other electronic media follow the rules.
        
        it usually sends a letter of reprimand to alert the station that it allegedly violated a regulation. The station then is required to take corrective action. If the station does not, then the next step is for the FCC to issue a cease and-desist order. If the station does not comply, it can be fined. Other actions that can be taken against a station include a short-term renewal or, in the case of repeated violations and a failure to correct problems, a non-renewal or a revocation of the station’s license. Jawboning is another, less punitive tactic that the FCC uses to urge regulatory compliance in which the FCC alerts broadcasters to new regulations
        and suggests ways to avoid fines.
- - - - Radio stations were no longer required to consider the public interest when making programming
        decisions, no longer having to demonstrate that they operated in the public interest, and license renewal became little more than filling out the postcard renewal form.
      - The fairness doctrine was put in place
        in 1949 by the FCC to require broadcasters to present both sides of controversial issues important to the public. It intended that opposing views on important issues were
        represented.
        
        The call to eliminate the fairness doctrine began in the early 1980s, in 1983 the courts ruled that the National Association of Broadcasters’ NAB Code of Ethics, which had set voluntary programming and advertising standards, was illegal. the FCC agreed to some extent with broadcasters and legislators about the marketplace concept The FCC developed more opportunities for programming and advertising to reach audiences resulting in the addition of more stations and increased competition from alternative delivery systems like cable, satellite, and multipoint multichannel delivery systems.
        
        In 1984, the
        FCC upped ownership limits from the rule of sevens (which allowed owning only seven stations in any service, AM, FM, or television) to 12 stations in either radio service and up to 25% of the total television households nationwide. In 1992, the limits were raised again, allowing up to 40 radio stations per owner and some relaxation of the duopoly rules.
- - - - There is now a new ‘planet’ in the star system. This new planet consists of the Internet video delivery services (Hulu, Amazon Video, and Netflix). These new players do not have a direct relationship to broadcast stations and are not directly
        regulated by the FCC.
        
        Program providers like the networks are going ‘over the top’ to reach audiences directly through the Internet and may leave affiliated stations with smaller audiences and less leverage with advertisers.
- - - - cable systems had
        to scramble sexually explicit adult programming
    - - The FCC was empowered to enforce
        nondiscrimination requirements and restrictions on joint manufacturing ventures and monitor the setting of technical standards and accessibility of equipment and service to people with disabilities.
    - - The 1996 act relaxed media concentration rules for television by allowing any one company to own
        stations that could reach 35% of the nation’s television households, an increase from the previous limit of 25%.
        
        Media concentration rules for TV changed again in 2003, when television groups were allowed to reach 39% of the national audience.
      - Limits on radio station ownership were also repealed, but some restrictions remained on the number of local stations a company could own in any one market. In addition, the U.S. Department of Justice’s Antitrust Division was assigned to
        look closely at large transactions to prevent any group.
    - - The Telecommunications Act of 1996 relaxed the rules set down in the 1992 Cable Act, essentially
        removing rate restrictions on all cable services except basic service. In addition, telephone companies were permitted to offer cable television services and to carry video programming and cable set-top converters could be sold in retail
        stores (instead of being available only as rental units from the cable companies).
        
        In 2012, there were
        slightly more than 100 million subscribers. By 2015, that number had dropped to just over 97 million. cable companies are compensating for the loss in revenue due to fewer subscribers by raising
        prices. That, combined with the dissatisfaction among consumers with the bundling of channels
        and the availability of television programs and movies online, has led to the ‘cutting the cord’ trend.
    - - The 1996 Act overruled state restrictions on competition in providing local and long-distance service, which allowed the regional Bell (Telephone) operating companies to provide long-distance service outside their regions and required them to remove barriers to competition inside their regions, guaranteeing that rural and low-income users would be subsidized and that equal access to long-distance carriers would be maintained.