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Vaughn I Relativism & Emotivism, differing moral judgements among…

- - - - the doctrine that some moral norms or principles are valid for everyone- universal
    - - the objective principles are rigid rules with no exceptions or that they must be applied in exactly the same way in every situation or culture
    - - the view that an action is right if ones culture approves of it
    - - the view that an action is morally right if one approves of it
        
        Moral rightness or wrongness are relative not to cultures but to individuals.
      - individuals make right or wrong
    - - the view that moral utterances are neither true nor false but are instead expressions of emotions or attitudes.
        
        a form of persuasion, or just expressing feelings
  - - - she was acting like a western teenager, makeup, boyfriend ect.
- - - - same with Pol Pot in Cambodia
  - - - this means that both statements are true, which doesn't make any sense.
- - - - just because moral judgements differ, doesn't mean that moral principles do
        
        Example: culture where sons kill their father's at age sixty. With background knowledge one comes to realize that because of other beliefs, young men hold the same principle of respecting parents and do the act out of that respect. pg. 35
        
        example: abortion. people agree that killing is wrong. They do not agree with a nonmoral factual matter, whether a fetus is an entity that can be murdered. pg. 36
      - moral principles can conflict with nonmoral beliefs
  - - - hitler argument
    - - i.e. in a genocide culture the culture would be right, but the social reformers would be wrong
      - Fredrick douglas, mary wollenstonecraft, martin luther king and ghandi would be considered immoral
    - - can actually lead someone to be more tolerant of other cultures because they become more aware of their criticisms as well
      - we don't only judge other cultures but we judge the past as well
    - - we are split by the groups we belong to
- - - - the view that moral judgments ascribe moral properties to such things as actions and people and that they are therefore statements that can be true or false.
    - - denies that moral judgments are statements that can be true or false; rather moral judgments do not ascribe properties to anything
  - - - we normally show that convincing that something is true and persuading someone are separate acts pg. 42
        
        influencing attitudes tends to deal with more manipulation, like appealing to their beliefs