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Leptospirosis - Coggle Diagram
Leptospirosis
Dogs
Peracute leptospirosis
Sudden death
Few clinical signs
Massive number of serum leptospires
Acute disease
Myositis
Jaundice; coagulopathy; kidney + liver failure
Hypothermia
Terminal illness
Subacute disease
Widespread inflammation
Breathing difficulties; coughing
Kidney dysfunction
Chronic and subclinical infections
Fever with unknown origin
Anterior uveitis
Renal / hepatic disease
Characteristics
Gram -ve cell wall
Poor staining
Moist environments
Serovars
Vaccinations - poor cross protection
Different pathogenesis and hosts
Diagnosis
qPCR - serum + urine
Quick process
Public health significance
Does not distinguish serovar
Cystosentesis
Leptospira Antibody Microagglutination test Panel (MAT)
Past + current exposures
Four fold increase / single very high titre
Distinguish group involved
But not serovar
-ve early course
Before antibody response
Microscopic examination
Based on suspicion
Special stain
Dark field microscopy
Treatment
Start antibiotics promptly
Before result return
Penicillin
Terminate leptospiraemia
Do not eliminate carrier status
Tetracyclines ; macrolides; fluoroquinolones
Fluid therapy
Prevention
Rodent control
Doxycycline preventative
Exposed animals household
Vaccination
Serovar specific
Limited cross protection
Pathogenesis
Maintenance host
Highly susceptible to infection
Endemic within species
Low pathogenicity
Chronic / subclinical disease
Persistence
Kidney PCT lumen
Genital tract
Abortions - pigs and cattle
Low antibody response
Low efficacy of vaccination
Diagnosis difficulty
Difficult to eliminate pathogen
Incidental host
High pathogenicity
Acute severe disease
Eg. Horse: Recurrent uveitis
Blood phase (1st week)
--> urine phase (2nd week onwards)
Localise in PCT of kidneys
Vasculitis
Damaged blood vessel endothelium
Tissue ischaemia
Calve haemolytic disease
Permanent organ damage
Haematogenous spread to organs
Marked antibody response
Diagnosis
Efficacious vaccines
Low susceptibility to infection
Sporadic transmission
Epidemic from other species
Transmission
Urine of maintenance host
Direct
Intact Mucous membranes
Conjunctival splash
Veneral transmission; Ingestion
Abraded / scratched skin
Indirect
Contaminated soil / water
High rainfall , warmer weather