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HUBS191 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - also called trabecular bone, light and spongey bone. shock absorbing resists and channels force coming from multiple directions
        
        Commonly in the epiphysises of bones to resist tensions and pressure from contact of other bones and to resist movement of joints in multiple directions
      - Trabecular Structure
    - - Strong, good at transmitting force in one direction down the shaft of bones
        
        Predominantly in the Diaphysis of the long bones, helps carry weight of body and keep shape and support
      - Osteon structure
    - - Support, movement (levers), protection (major organs), storage (minerals), red blood cell formation (in marrow)
    - - Long bones (longer than they are wide, mostly limb bones, wider ephisises and thinner diaphsyises) , short bones (Close to equal width and length, weight bearing, mostly cancellous), flat bones (Mainly for muscle attachment, protection, thin plates of compact bone), irregular bones (doesnt fit into any other category, various shapes and functions, have holes sometimes)
    - - Central Canal, contains nerves and blood vessels Lamellae, series of cylinders formed of ECM around the central canal
        Osteons, longitudinal unit within compact bone, way for nutients to get to cells in ECM
        Lacunae, Lakes for osteocytes
        Canaliculi, channels for nutrients through ECM
      - Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
        
        Blasts= makers Cytes = maintainers and communicators Clasts = destroyers
        
        maintain bone homeostasis via controlled break down and build up of bone tissue
    - - Epithelial - Covers exposed surfaces, Connective - fills internal spaces, Muscle tissue - contracts to produce movement, Nervous - Conducts electrical impulses
      - Human Tissue Act 2008, Informed consent of given bodies
    - - Superior - above, Inferior - Lower, Medial - closer to midline, Lateral - Further from midline, Proximal - closer to attachment, Distal - further from attachment
      - Anterior - to front, Posterior - to back, cranial - to head, caudal - to tail, Deep - further from surface, superficial - closer to surface
      - Sagittal - left and right, Coronal - front and back, Transverse - top and bottom
      - Flexion - two areas towards touch, Extension - two areas away from touch, Abduction - movement of joints away from midline, adduction - movement of joints towards midline, circumduction - combination of four movements (no rotation), Rotation - pivoting through transverse plane, inversion and eversion of foot towards and away from midline
  - - - Seperated by epiphyseal plate in young age (more bones as not joint yet), fuses at puberty when growth is mainly finished
  - - - Hyaline
        
        Collagen fibres, high water content in matrix, resists compression smooth frictionless surface
        
        Molds to surfaces of bones where they articulate, degrades with age, typically on epiphyses of bones
      - Fibrocartilage
        
        collagen fibres form bundles throughout matrix, orientation aligns with stresses, resist compression to tension
        
        generallly on articulations that experience both compression and tension, deepening of articular surfaces, acts as buffer and shock absorber
    - - bone to bone, restricts movement, minimal elastin
        
        lateral restricts adduction, medial restricts abduction
    - - bone to muscle, facilitates and controls movements, contraction,
    - - free moving, most limb joints, amount and direction is determined by joint structure
        
        planes are coronal, sagittal and transversal
        
        Range of movement determined by bone end shape, bony congruence, ligament location and length
        
        Plane (multiaxial sliding and gliding), Hinge (uniaxial, flexion extension), Pivot (uniaxial, rotation), Condylar (biaxial, flexion and extension, rotation when flexed), Ellipsoid (biaxial, circumduction), Saddle (biaxial, flex, extend, abd, add, circum, rotation opposition), Ball and Soclket (flex, extend, abd, add, circum, rotate)