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Computer Science, , - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Denotational semantics
        
        of recursive programs
        
        of non-deterministic programs
        
        of concurrency
        
        of state
        
        of data types
      - Operational semantics
        
        Small-step semantics
        
        Structural operational semantics
        
        Reduction semantic
        
        Big-step semantics
        
        Natural semantics
      - Axiomatic semantics
        
        Hoare logic
      - Others
        
        Action semantics
        
        Algebraic semantics
        
        Attribute grammars
        
        Categorical semantics
        
        Concurrency semantics
        
        Game semantics
        
        Predicate transformer semantics
    - - Simply typed lambda calculus
      - Intuitionistic type theory
      - System F
      - Calculus of constructions
      - Logical framework
      - Others
        
        Automath
        
        ST type theory
        
        Lambda cube
        
        Typed lambda calculus
        
        Pure type system
      - Homotopy type theory
    - - Static
        
        Control-flow
        
        Data-flow analysis
        
        Abstract interpretation
        
        Type systems
        
        Effect systems
        
        Model checking
      - Dynamic
        
        Software testing
        
        Program monitoring
        
        Program slicing
    - - Others
        
        ASF+SDF
        
        C Intermediate Language
        
        Coccinelle
        
        DMS
        
        FermaT
        
        Spoon for Java
        
        Stratego/XT
        
        TXL
    - - Imperative paradigm
        
        procedural
        
        object-oriented
      - Declarative paradigm
        
        functional
        
        logic
        
        mathematical
      - Symbolic paradigm
    - - Macro systems
      - Metaclasses
      - Template metaprogramming
      - Staged metaprogramming
    - - Front end
        
        Line reconstruction
        
        Preprocessing
        
        Lexical analysis
        
        Syntax analysis
        
        Semantic analysis
      - Middle end
        
        Analysis
        
        Data-flow analysis
        
        Dependence analysis
        
        Alias analysis
        
        Pointer analysis
        
        Escape analysis
        
        Optimization
        
        Automatic parallelization
        
        Constant propagation
        
        Dead code elimination
        
        Inline expansion
        
        Loop transformation
      - Back end
        
        Machine dependent optimizations
        
        Code generation
  - - - Correctness
        
        Formal verification
        
        Experimental verification
      - Optimization
        
        Linear programming
        
        Dynamic programming
        
        Greedy programming
        
        Heuristic programming
      - Efficiency
        
        Space analysis
        
        Complexity analysis
        
        Time analysis
      - Benchmarking
        
        Real program
        
        Component Benchmark Microbenchmark
        
        Kernel
        
        Synthetic Benchmark
        
        I/O benchmarks
        
        Database benchmarks
        
        Parallel benchmarks
      - Profiling
    - - Divide and conquer
      - Search and enumeration
      - Randomization
      - Complexity reduction
      - Backtracking
    - - Recursion
      - Logical
      - Serial
        
        Parallel
        
        Distributed
      - Deterministic
        
        Non-deterministic
      - Approximation
      - Quantum
    - - Searching and sorting
      - Merging
      - Numerical algorithms
      - Graph algorithms
      - String algorithms
      - Computational geometric algorithms
      - Combinatorial algorithms
      - Medical algorithms
      - Machine learning
      - Cryptography
      - Data compression
      - Parsing techniques
  - - - Finite state machine
      - Pushdown automaton
      - Linear bounded automaton
      - Turing machine
      - Others
        
        Büchi automaton
        
        Rabin automaton
        
        Streett automaton
        
        Parity automaton
        
        Muller automaton
    - - Relative computability & Turing degrees
      - Other reductibles
        
        Many-one reducibility
        
        One-one reducibility
        
        Truth-table reducibility
      - Rice's theorem & the arithmetical hierarchy
      - Reverse mathematics
      - Numberings
      - The priority method
      - The lattice of recursively enumerable sets
      - Automorphism problems
      - Kolmogorov complexity
      - Frequency computation
      - Inductive inference
      - Generalizations of Turing computability
      - Continuous computability theory
    - - Machine models & complexity measures
      - Complexity classes
        
        Hierarchy theorems
        
        Reduction
      - Circuit complexity
      - Intractability
      - Continuous complexity theory
      - Computational problem solving
    - - Quantum searching
      - Quantum simulation
      - Quantum annealing
      - Adiabatic quantum computation
      - Quantum supremacy
      - Quantum complexity theory
    - - Visual cryptography
      - Multivariate cryptography
      - Quantum cryptography
        
        Quantum key distribution
        
        Mistrustful quantum cryptography
        
        Quantum coin flipping
        
        Quantum commitment
        
        Bounded-and-noisy-quantum-storage model
        
        Position-based quantum cryptography
        
        Device-independent quantum cryptography
        
        Quantum cryptography beyond key distribution
      - Post-quantum cryptography
        
        Lattice-based
        
        Multivariate
        
        Hash-based
        
        Code-based
        
        Supersingular elliptic curve isogeny
        
        Symmetric key quantum resistance
      - Steganography
        
        Network stenography
        
        Cyber-physical systems
        
        Spectogram image hiding
        
        Printer steganography
        
        Digital watermarking
        
        Coded Anti-Piracy
        
        Distributed steganography
      - Cryptanalysis
      - Cryptosystems
      - Public-key cryptography
      - Symmetric-key cryptography
    - - Lambda calculus
      - Combinatory logic
      - μ-recursive functions
      - Markov algorithm
      - Register machine
  - - - Group testing
      - Analog coding
  - - - Computer-aided design
      - Computer-aided drafting
      - Computer-aided engineering
      - Computer-aided manufacturing
      - Photorealistic rendering
      - Product data management
- - - - Even Though The Technology Is Relatively Young, It Was First Use In Gaming All The Way Back In The Year 2000
        
        2000, ID Software Releases Quake AR
        
        2013, The Technology Is Implemented In The Highly Successful Nintendo 3DS
        
        2016, Niantic Takes The World By Storm With Their Highly Successful App, Pokemon Go
    - - A Relatively Old Concept, But A Field In Which We Haven't Seen Huge Progress, Up Until The Late '80s And Early '90s
        
        1993, Sega Announces VR Glasses Compatible With Their Highly Successful Sega Mega Drive, However The Project Never Seen The Light Of Day
        
        1995, Nintendo Launches The Virtual Boy. However Due To Tehnical Difficulties, Such As The Fact That The Screen Displayed Only Shades Of Red, The Project Was Shortly Discontinued
        
        2012, A Project By The Name Of Oculus Rift Appears On Kickstarter, Begining The Real VR Revolution
        
        2020, Valve Launches The Game "Half Life: Alyx", Which Is Supposed To Be A System Seller For Their Own VR Headset, Steam VR
    - - As It Is Widely Known, Most Human-Computer Interaction Is Made Via Controllers When Talking About Video Games
        
        1975, Atari Introduces A Mini-Wheel For Their First Hit Console, Atari Pong
        
        1977, Atari Follows Up With The First Ever Comercial Joystick, On Atari 2600
        
        1983, Nintendo Introduces The D-Pad, On Their Game Console, The NES
        
        19996, Nintnendo Introduces The Analog Stick And The Rumble Function On Their 5th Gen Console, The Nintendo 64
        
        2004, Nintendo Introduces Touchscreen Controls On Their Handheld Console, The Nintendo DS. To be Noted That It Wasn't The First Touchscreen Handheld, But It Was The First To Succed
        
        2006, Nintendo Introduces Motion Controls On Their Highly Successful Console, The Nintendo WII
  - - - The Oldest Kind Of Video Games. Have Easy To Understand Gameplay, But Hard To Master. Usually The Objective Is To Get A Highscore
        
        1973-Pong
        
        1981- Donkey Kong
        
        1980-Pac Man
        
        1991- Street Fighter II
        
        2013- Flappy Bird
    - - Taking Their Name From The Core Mechanic, Jumping Over Platforms, They Used To Be The Most Used Type Of Games, Spawning Multiple Subgenres, They Slowly Reduced In Numbers Since The Late 2000s
        
        2D Side-Scrollers
        
        A Subgenre of Platformers, In Which You Move On A 2D Plane, Usually From Left To Right
        
        1983- Super Mario Bros
        
        1991- Sonic The Hedgehog
        
        1993- Earthworm Jim
        
        2019- New Super Mario Bros U Deluxe
        
        Collectathons
        
        A Subgenre of Platformers In Which The Objective Is To Collect As Many Collectables As Possible
        
        1996- Super Mario 64
        
        1998- Banjo Kazooie
        
        1998- Spyro The Dragon
        
        2017- A Hat In Time
        
        Metroidvania
        
        A Subgenre Of Platformers In Which The Objective Is To Explore A Given Map As Thoroughly As Possible, By Getting Upgrades That Help You Progress
        
        1994- Super Metroid
        
        1997- Castlevania Symphony Of The Night
        
        2017- Hollow Knight
    - - A Genre Consisting Of Games In Which You Use A Gun Or Something Similar To Shoot Enemies Or Inanimate Objects
        
        Light Gun Shooters
        
        A Type Of Games In Which You Use A Special Peripheral, Called A Light Gun, Popular In The Late '80s And Early '90s
        
        1984- Duckhunt
        
        On-Rail Shooters
        
        A Type Of Shooting Games In Which The Camera Moves Automatically And Your Only Objective Is To Shoot As Many Enemies As Possible
        
        1995- Panzer Dragoon
        
        1996-The House Of The Dead
        
        First Person Shooters
        
        A Type Of Shooting Games In Which You Play From The Perspective Of The Main Camera And Have Full Control Of Gun And Camera
        
        1992- Wolfenstein 3D
        
        1993- DOOM
        
        1997- Goldeneye 007
        
        2019- Call Of Duty Modern Warfare
        
        Third Person Shooters
        
        A Type Of Shooting Games In Which You Are Able To See The Character You Are Playing From An Over The Shoulder View
        
        1999- Jet Force Jemini
        
        Class Based Shooters
        
        A Type Of Shooting Games In Which Different Characters Have Different Abilities. The Gameplay Usually Revolves Around Teamwork.
        
        2007- Team Fortress 2
        
        2015- Overwatch
        
        Tactical Shooters
        
        A Type Of Shooting Games In Witch The Player Strategically Chooses Cover And The Shooting Is Usually Based On Statistics, Closely Resembles A Strategy Game
        
        2012- XCOM
        
        2017- Mario + Rabbids Kingdom Battle
        
        Battle Royale
        
        A Type Of Game In Which A Huge Number Of Players Fight On A Shrinking Map Until There's Only One Player Remaining
        
        2017- Playerunkown's Battlegrounds
        
        2017- Fortnite Battle Royale
  - - - One Of The Most Influential Video Game Developer Of All Time, Responsible Of The Creation Of Classic Video Game Characters, Such As Mario And Link
    - - One Of The Best Video Game Developers Of All Time, Starting His Career At Just 19 Years Old
    - - Responsible For The Creation Of Classic Games Such As Silent Hill and Metal Gear Solid
    - - One Of The Founding Fathers Of ID Software And The FPS Genre
    - - The Father Of The Modern "Elder Scrolls" Games, Starting With "Morrowind"
- - - - Data handling and memory operations
      - Arithmetic and logic operations
      - Control flow operations
      - Coprocessor instructions
    - - Architectural design
      - Physical design
      - Logical design
    - - Instruction cycles
      - Multicycle microarchitecture
      - Increasing execution speed
      - Instruction set choice
      - Cache
      - Branch prediction
      - Out-of-order execution
      - Register renaming
      - Multiprocessing and multithreading
  - - - Software requirements
        
        elicitation
        
        analysis
        
        specification
        
        validation
      - Software design
      - Software development
      - Software testing
      - Software maintenance
    - - Compiler
        
        Front end
        
        Middle end
        
        Back end
      - Operating systems
        
        Types
        
        Single-tasking and multi-tasking
        
        Single- and multi-user
        
        Distributed
        
        Templated
        
        Embedded
        
        Real-time
        
        Library
        
        Examples
        
        Unix
        
        macOS
        
        Linux
        
        Microsoft Windows
    - - Overlay network
      - Wired technologies
      - Wireless technologies
      - Exotic technologies
      - Network interfaces
      - Switches
      - Routers
      - Modems
      - Firewalls
      - Communication protocols
        
        IEEE 802
        
        Ethernet
        
        Wireless LAN
        
        Internet Protocol Suite
    - - Simple control loop
      - Interrupt-controlled system
      - Cooperative multitasking
      - Preemptive multitasking or multi-threading
      - Microkernels and exokernels
      - Monolithic kernels
    - - Dynamic time warping
      - Hidden Markov models
      - Artificial neural networks
      - Applications
        
        Interactive Voice Systems
        
        Virtual Assistants
        
        Voice Identification
        
        Emotion Recognition
        
        Call Center Automation
        
        Robotics
    - - Artificial intelligence
        
        Mundane tasks
        
        Robotics
        
        Types
        
        Military robots
        
        Industrial robots
        
        Agricultural robots
        
        Cobots
        
        Medical robots
        
        Combat robots
        
        Domestic robots
        
        Nanobots
        
        Autonomous drones
        
        Human-robot interaction
        
        Speech recognition
        
        Robotic voice
        
        Gesture recognition
        
        Emotion recognition
        
        Personality
        
        Social Intelligence
        
        Research
        
        Dynamics and kinematics
        
        Bionics and biomimetics
        
        Quantum computing
        
        Educational robotics
        
        Career training
        
        Certification
        
        Summer robotics camp
        
        Robotics competitions
        
        Robotics afterschool programs
        
        Environmental interaction and navigation
        
        Pathfinding
        
        Mapping
        
        Natural language processing
        
        Reasoning
        
        Perception
        
        Common sense
        
        Expert tasks
        
        Engineering
        
        Financial analysis
        
        Medical diagnosis
        
        Scientific analysis
        
        Formal tasks
        
        Math
        
        Games
      - Computational Neuroscience
        
        Single-neuron modeling
        
        Development, axonal patterning, and guidance
        
        Sensory processing
        
        Motor control
        
        Memory and synaptic plasticity
        
        Behaviors of networks
        
        Visual attention, identification, and categorization
        
        Cognition, discrimination, and learning
        
        Consciousness
        
        Computational clinical neuroscience
      - Digital signal processing
        
        Time and space domains
        
        Frequency domain
        
        Fourier series
        
        Fourier transform
        
        Laplace transform
        
        Z transform
        
        Wavelet transform
        
        Z-plane analysis
        
        Wavelet
      - Machine learning and statistics
      - Control theory
      - Information theory
      - Computer vision
        
        Medical
        
        Military
        
        Machine Vision
        
        Autonomous vehicles
        
        Tactile Feedback
      - Cheminformatics
        
        Chemical database management
        
        Chemical file format
        
        Virtual libraries
        
        Virtual screening
        
        Quantitative structure-activity relationship
      - Telecommunications
  - - - Availability
      - Response time
      - Processing speed
      - Channel capacity
      - Latency
      - Bandwidth
      - Throughput
      - Relative efficiency
      - Scalability
      - Power consumption
      - Performance per watt
      - Compression ratio
      - Size and weight
      - Environmental impact
      - Transistor count
    - - Profiling (performance analysis)
        
        Types
        
        Load testing
        
        Stress testing
        
        Soak testing
        
        Spike testing
        
        Breakpoint testing
        
        Configuration testing
        
        Isolation testing
        
        Internet testing
        
        Tools
        
        Performance scripting
        
        NeoLoad
        
        HP LoadRunner
        
        Apache
        
        JMeter
        
        Performance monitoring
        
        CPU Utilization
        
        System time
        
        User time
        
        Steal time
        
        Idle time
        
        Memory Utilization
        
        Disk utilization
        
        Network utilization
  - - - Architectures
        
        Client–server
        
        Three-tier
        
        n-tier
        
        Peer-to-peer
      - Examples
        
        telecommunication networks
        
        telephone networks and cellular networks
        
        Computer networks
        
        Wireless sensor networks
        
        routing algorithms
        
        network applications
        
        World Wide Web
        
        massively multiplayer online games and virtual reality communities
        
        distributed databases and distributed database management systems
        
        network file systems
        
        distributed cache such as burst buffers
        
        distributed information processing systems such as banking systems and airline reservation systems
  - - - Vulnerabilities and attacks
        
        Backdoor
        
        Denial-of-service attack
        
        Direct-access attacks
        
        Eavesdropping
        
        Multi-vector, polymorphic attacks
        
        Phishing
        
        Privilege escalation
        
        Social engineering
        
        Tampering
      - Computer protection
        
        Security by design
        
        Security architecture
        
        Vulnerability management
        
        Secure operating systems
        
        Secure coding
        
        Capabilities and access control lists
        
        End user security training
- - - - Abstraction
      - Refinement
      - Modularity
      - Software Architecture
      - Control Hierarchy
      - Structural Partitioning
      - Data Structure
      - Software Procedure
      - Information Hiding
    - - Compatibility
      - Extensibility
      - Modularity
      - Fault-tolerance
      - Maintainability
      - Reliability
      - Reusability
      - Robustness
      - Security
      - Usability
      - Performance
      - Portability
      - Scalability
    - - Architecture description
      - Business Process Modeling Notation
      - EXPRESS
      - Extended Enterprise Modeling Language
      - Flowcharts
      - Fundamental Modeling Concepts
      - IDEF
      - Jackson Structured Programming
      - LePUS3
      - Unified Modeling Language
      - Alloy (specification language)
      - Systems Modeling Language
      - Service-oriented modeling framework (SOMF)
  - - - Tools for Requirements Elicitation, Analysis and, Validation
      - Tools for Requirements Specification
      - Tools for Requirements Document Verification
      - Tools for Requirements Comparison
      - Tools for Requirements Merge and Update
      - Tools for Requirements Traceability
      - Tools for Model-Based Software or Systems Requirement Engineering
      - Tools for general Requirements Engineering
  - - - Analyzing the problem
      - Market research
      - Gathering requirements for the proposed business solution
      - Devising a plan or design for the software-based solution
      - Implementation (coding) of the software
      - Testing the software
      - Deployment
      - Maintenance
      - Bug fixing
    - - Identification of need
      - Planning
      - Designing
      - Implementation, testing and documenting
        
        Implementation
        
        Software testing
        
        Documenting
        
        Development
      - Deployment and maintenance
        
        Deployment
        
        Maintaining
    - - Business process and data modelling
        
        Business model
        
        Data model
        
        Business analysis
      - Computer-aided software engineering
        
        Computer-aided software engineering
        
        Configuration management
        
        Data modeling
        
        Model transformation
        
        Refactoring
        
        Source code generation
        
        Information systems
        
        Software
      - Integrated development environment
        
        Source code editor
        
        Compiler
        
        Interpreter
        
        Build automation
        
        Debugger
      - Modeling language
      - Programming paradigm
        
        Aspect-oriented software development
        
        Domain-specific modeling
        
        Model-driven engineering
        
        Object-oriented programming
        
        Search-based software engineering
        
        Service-oriented modeling
        
        Structured programming
        
        Top-down and bottom-up design
  - - - Meets the requirements that guided its design and developmen
      - Responds correctly to all kinds of inputs
      - Performs its functions within an acceptable time
      - It is sufficiently usable
      - Can be installed and run in its intended environments
      - Achieves the general result its stakeholders desire
    - - Defects and failures
      - Input combinations and preconditions
      - Economics
      - Roles
    - - Static, dynamic and passive testing
      - Exploratory approach
      - The "box" approach
      - White-box testing
        
        API testing
        
        Code coverage
        
        Fault injection
        
        Mutation testing
        
        Static testing
      - Black-box testing
      - Component interface testing
      - Visual testing
      - Grey-box testing
    - - Unit testing
      - Integration testing
      - System testing
      - Acceptance testing
    - - Installation testing
      - Compatibility testing
      - Smoke and sanity testing
      - Regression testing
      - Acceptance testing
      - Alpha testing
      - Beta testing
      - Functional and non-functional testing
      - Continuous testing
      - Destructive testing
      - Software performance testing
      - Usability testing
      - Accessibility testing
        
        Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
        
        Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
        
        Web Accessibility Initiative
      - Security testing
      - Internationalization and localization
      - Development testing
      - A/B testing
      - Concurrent testing
      - Conformance testing or type testing
      - Output comparison testing
    - - Traditional waterfall development model
      - Agile or XP development model
      - Sample testing
        
        Requirements analysis
        
        Test planning
        
        Test development
        
        Test execution
        
        Test reporting
        
        Test result analysis
        
        Defect Retesting
        
        Regression testing
        
        Test Closure