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BIOMEDICAL ENGEERING 1A - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (Materials to replace tissue, organs or function of the body.
        
        Tissue Engineering:
        
        Biologist
        
        Physicist
        
        Chemist
        
        Engineers
        
        Clinicians
        
        Principles of Biomaterials:
        
        Injured tissue -> biomaterials -> repaired tissue -> biomolecules -> cells
        
        Biomaterials Properties:
        
        Biocompatibility in vitro/vivo
        
        Mechanical properties: density, space, tensile, compression
        
        Degradation period
        
        How easy is it to fabricate
        
        Biometallic vs Bioceramic vs Polymer
        
        Roles of Biomaterial:
        
        Adhesion sites and cell factor binding sites
        
        In our tut, we researched cirrhosis which occurs when the liver stops functioning due to long-term scar tissue build up from substances that cannot be filtered. Four biomaterials were discovered that could be used to replace the liver such as hepatic cells, nanofibres, hydrogel biolinks and 3D bioprinting technologies. These biomaterials can be used to treat cirrhosis.
        
        Degradation
        
        Mechanics
    - - Ethics and Regulatory Affairs (5 Main Points of Ethics in Industry):
        
        Regulation of activities of trades and the activities of companies
        
        DePuy Hip Replacement was called back due to its high failuer rate as researched in tutorial
        
        Design Control: 2020. Intro To Regulatory Affairs.
        
        Ethics
        
        Ethical Egoism
        
        Utilitarinism
        
        Duty Ethics
        
        Rights Ethics
        
        Virtue Ethics
    - - Anatomy and Physiology (Bones, Hip, Spinal Cord etc).
        
        Bone cells:
        
        Osteoclasts
        
        Osteocytes
        
        Osteoblasts
        
        Bone Composition:
        
        Organic
        
        Inorganic
        
        Bone remodelling:
        
        Phase 1: Stimulus (stress) stimulates osteocytes
        
        Phase 2: Osteoclasts reabsorb bones and leaves behind cavity
        
        Phase 3: Osteoblasts lining the reabsorption cavity
    - - Medical Imaging (MRI, CT, SPECT, PET)
        
        MRI
        
        CT
        
        SPECT
        
        PET
        
        Discussed Simultaneous assessment of rodent behavior and neurochemistry using a miniature positron emission tomography’ (Schulz et al, 2011.) and how we are able to use minature PET scan to observe rodents' behaviour
- - - - Can enter cells and interact with cell organelles
      - High SA:V ratio
    - - In vitro: culture cells in the presence of nanomaterials
      - In vivo: inhalation, skin, ingestion, intravenous, intraperitoneal
    - - Mechanism for passive targeting
      - Leaky vascular around tumours to allow nanomaterials to get in
      - NP pass around healthy tissues but are trapped by tumours
  - - - Different properties at nanoscale:
        
        Large surface area/volume ratio
        
        Geometric confinement
        
        Quantum effects
      - Nanotechnology
        
        Top down: fabrication (breaking down bulk matierals)
        
        Bottom-up: fabrication (selectively assembling atoms and molecules)
      - Nanomedicine
        
        Medical diagnosis
        
        Treating or preventing diseases
        
        We discovered that nanocrystalline 2-methoxyestradiol can be used to treat solid tumours after its clinical trials by targeting tumours and exhibits antimitotic and antiangiogenic activity upon the cell
        
        Direct intervention in the body: potentially on a level of individual cells / operating element that don't physically interfere with normal function / sophiscated behaviour
  - - - Sleep
        
        Carcadian rhythm (Process C)
        
        Regulated by body clock and input is the light through eyes, output is alertness
        
        Sleep-wake homeostasis (Process S)
        
        How long since last sleep
        
        Generates sleep derive or sleep pressure
      - Normal sleep-stages
        
        REM (Rapid eye movement): dreams
        
        NREM (non-REM): stages N1-3. Awake -> Light sleep -> Slow wave sleep / deep sleep
      - Sleep disorders
        
        Insomania, sleep related breathing disorder, centra disorder of hypersomnolence, circadian rhythm sleep-wave disorders, parasomnia, sleep related movement disorders, other
      - Innovation on technology
        
        Home based diagnosis / therapy monitoring / wearables and smart phone apps / academic research
  - - - Bioelectronics in the wild
        
        Develop advanced optical techniques for photoinc sensing
        
        Humidity and temperature sensor
        
        Flow rate sensor
        
        Chemical sensing
        
        Biophotonic workshop & seminar
        
        Noninvasive monitoring diabetes
      - Bioelectromagnetism
        
        A) Bioelectricity
        
        B) Bioelectronmagnetism
        
        C) Biomagnetism
      - Design
        
        Phase 1 Design - Continuous Rapid Protyping
        
        Pilot study of low cost designed MR device
        
        Recycled LEDs
        
        Linear changes
        
        Anisotropy
        
        Single push button
        
        3D printed ergonomies
        
        Phase 2 - Soweto Study
        
        Cross sectional validation study recruiting from birth up to 2 years of age
      - Overcoming cable and electrode effects
        
        Vs = Vt = V - Voutput = (1+ R2/R1) / R3
        
        Is = (Vs - Voutput) / R3 = -Vs(R2/R1) / R3
        
        Rinput = Vs / Ts = - R3 (R1/R2)
        
        We used these formula to answer circuit questions in Week 9's tut
- - - - Biomedical systems:
        
        Prothesis: is typical modelled using computer aided design (CAD)
        
        Anatomy: is commonly rather complicated and cannot be modelled in CAD
      - Biomedical Modelling:
        
        Data acquisition
        
        Solid modelling
        
        Numerical analysis
      - Typical Workflow
        
        Import image stack -> Separate into different tissue types or parts -> Apply smoothing filter -> Create surface model -> Generate solid model
      - Required inputs
        
        Geometry
        
        Material properties
        
        Loads
        
        Boundary conditions
  - - - Retinal degeneration-disease
        
        Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) leads to blindness in young people
        
        Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) leading cause of blindness in the elderly popluation
      - Retinal prosthesis location
        
        The cells pigment Epithelium, choroid (Photoreceptors) die in RP and AMD (bottom cells in eye cells)
        
        Whereas Nerve Fibre layer, Retinal Ganglion cells, Amacrine cells, Bipolar cells, Horizontal cells survive and can be electrically stimulated
      - Microelectronic
        
        Robust safety features
        
        Parallel stimulation capabilities
        
        Focal activation via hexapolar multiplexing
        
        Threshold reduction through Quasi-monopolar stimulation
        
        Reverse telemetry
        
        High compliance voltage for stimulation from the suprachoroidal space
  - - - ResMed
      - Cochlear
      - Corin
      - Stryker
      - Boston Scientific