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Enzyme biotechnology, Advantages
biocatalyst reuse
contamination…
Enzyme biotechnology
Enzymes immobilization
Major development
- 1815 - acetic acid & waste water treatment
- 1960 - production of L-amino acids & isomerization of glucose
- 1985-1995 - cofactor regeneration & cell immobilization
- 1995 - ever-expanding multidisciplinary developments & apply to different fields
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Immobilized enzymes
- provide convenient handling
- protected from degradation & deactivation
- easier process control
- allow rapid stop reaction when required
- higher stability under extreme physical & chemical conditions
- easier product separation - free of enzymes
- reusable
- easy transfer
- usable with all type reactors with varied interior designs
- complete process economic
Major product
- High-fructose corn syrup - Glucose isomerase
- Amino acid production - Amino-acid acylase
- Semi-synthetic penicillin - Penicillin acylase
- Acrylamide - Nitrile hydratase
- Hydrolysed lactose (whey) - B-galactosidase
Supports
Organic:
Natural polymer:
- Polysaccharide: cellulose, dextrans, agar, agarose, chitin, alginite
- Proteins: collagen, albumin
- Carbon
Synthetic:
- Polystyrene
- Other polyemers: polyacrylate, polymethacrylates, polyacrylamide, polyamides, vinyl, allyl-polymers
Inorganic
Natural minerals: bentonite, silica
Processed materials: glass, metals, controlled pore metal oxides
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Enzymes bioreactors
Batch bioreactors
- allow enzyme-substrate reaction
- upon completion, reactor is drained & product, enzyme separated
- :+1: cheaper & simple
- :no_good::skin-tone-2: inappropriate for immobilized enzymes & not suitable for integrated continuous process
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- Bioreactor: vessels employed to carry out desired conversion of raw material to final product by using enzymes
- Enzyme bioreactor: enzymes :heavy_plus_sign: substrate for sufficient time for reaction to take place
- enzyme & product may easily be separated at the end of process
Application
- therapeutic or clinical products
- analytical tools for diagnosis
- drug delivery
- commercial & industrial
- nutraceutical
- biological detergents
- food products
- brewery
- photographic
- waste product management
- cosmetic
Enzyme structures
Structural levels
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Tertiary structure
assembly of secondary structure into larger functional unit, forming mature polypeptide
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Significant
- food processing
- paper
- biofuels
- rubber
- photography
- biological detergents
- contact lens cleaners
- molecular biological sector - pharmaceutical industry
- physiological process - makes enzymes the target choice for drugs
- Applied enzymatic kinetics
- identify & characterize therapeutic agents
- selectively inhibit rates of specific enzymes catalyzed process
- fermentation technology
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Advantages
- biocatalyst reuse
- contamination avoided
- high dilution rates- without biocatalyst wash-out
- increase volumetric production
- rapid conversion of unstable substrate
- minimized side reactions
- manipulate biocatalyst activity & specificity
- stabilization
- protection from shear-sensitve biocatalyst
- control of bioreaction time
- minimize further product transformation
Limitation
- Increase requirements - material & equipment
- require specific reactor configuration
- high shear or mechanical strain, toxic reactants, extreme pH & temperature - loss of activity
- blocking of enzymatic active site
- mass transfer limitation
- Matrix - erosion, broad pore size range, cell growth
- small support particles carried in outflow
- retention of suspended solid
- growth of contamination species
- requires strict control on feed composition
- case specificity, multi-parameter optimization
- difficult process modelling & control
Enzymes:
- Biochemical catalyst -
- Predominantly protein molecules
- Participate in:
- breakdown nutrients to supply energy
- produce chemical building blocks - protein, DNA,
- hardness energy
- Involved in all biochemical reactions