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History - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Evidence is the information collected from historical sources. The concept of evidence is an essential part of the historical investigation. Evidence can come from a variety of sources.
      - Primary sources are usually more valued than secondary sources. Secondary sources contain useful information, but typically involve an analysis of primary source material. Books and magazines are common examples of secondary sources. Another important type of historical evidence is oral tradition.
    - - The notion of empathy enables us to comprehend the effect of previous occurrences on people or organizations. This includes gratitude of the circumstances they face and the motivations, values and attitudes behind their behavior. Put another way, empathy is the ability to' walk in someone else's shoes'–to be aware and sensitive to their feelings, thoughts and experiences.
      - For example, if we disengage from historical empathy, we might see a prisoner in 1840 being put to death for murder as one deserving of such a punishment. He's just a statistic at this point. But if we get the chance to empathize with their past, we might find out that they killed the person in self-defense or, perhaps, they didn't kill the person at all. Moreover, we can further understand how they might have felt right before being executed.
    - - Historians use the concept of cause and effect to identify chains of events and developments, both in the short term and in the long term. The purpose of cause and effect is to define, examine and analyse the reasons why occurrences have happened and the resulting implications or results. It enables us to think of cause and effect as the' why' and' what' of history.
      - For example, "in 1914, Austrian Crown Prince Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Bosnian Serb ['the cause'].
    - - The concept of significance relates to the importance assigned to aspects of the past. This involves individuals, activities, developments, findings, movements and historic sites. History is full of so many important occurrences, important people and exciting locations that we could never study all of them.
      - An example of significance is loving an old watch because it was your father's.
    - - Continuity refers to the continuance of themes over time, or similarities over time. Technology changes and cultures change, but because human nature remains constant, there are many continuities. Change is a very important part if history. As time passes, all kinds of things like technology, culture, and laws change."
      - For example, in the 1800s there was conflict between those who had money and those who didn't, and in the 1900s there was yet another conflict between those who had money and those who did not. This is a continuity.
    - - Contestability is the idea that two separate sources can draw different conclusions about a historical person, concept or event. Contestability most commonly occurs between two modern sources, typically academics, who have studied the surviving material in detail, but hold two different interpretations of the past.
      - As a result of a lack of evidence or different perspectives, with debate often remaining intractable.
    - - Taking historical perspective means understanding the social, cultural, intellectual, and emotional settings that shaped people's lives and actions in the past. Indeed, taking historical perspective demands comprehension of the vast differences between us in the present and those in the past.
      - Two groups of fans at a football match will see the same game differently. Fans of the winning side will have a positive view and will usually talk about how great their team's actions were.
  - - - Many historians regard the atrocity as the first ‘total war,’ meaning that nations dedicated all available resources (both military and civilian) to the war efforts and suffered mass quantities of casualties at a level never experienced before. Over 8 million soldiers and sailors on both sides of the war sacrificed their lives for the war efforts and a similar number of civilians died as a result of the conflict
      - Almost immediately after the declaration of the conclusion of this war that influenced the entire world in 1918, the world endured a deadly flu pandemic (called the Spanish Influenza) in which had begun due to unhygienic conditions and resulted in the deaths of over 30 million individual with the majority of the casualties ranging between the ages of 20 and 40
      - The Great War (also commonly referred as World War I) was the first major global conflict in which caused devastation among the countries across Europe
    - - League of Nations
        
        The League of Nations was an international organisation, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes. Though first proposed by President Woodrow Wilson as part of his Fourteen Points plan for an equitable peace in Europe, the United States never became a member.
      - Roaring Twenties
        
        The Roaring Twenties was a decade of economic growth and widespread prosperity, driven by recovery from wartime devastation and deferred spending, a boom in construction, and the rapid growth of consumer goods such as automobiles and electricity in North America and Europe and a few other developed countries such as Australia.
      - Treaty of Versailles
        
        In January 1919, after the atrocities that occurred after the World War I (WWI), there was great political unrest throughout Europe so the nation's leaders met at the Paris Peace Conference in France to discuss and debate a plan to restructuring Europe and ensure ongoing peace for future generations. The leaders of 32 countries attended the conference, however negotiations were predominantly ruled by the leaders of four major powers: British Prime Minister; David Lloyd George, French Prime Minister; Georges Clemenceau, American President; Woodrow Wilson and Italian Prime Minister, Vittorio Orlando.
        
        The Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
        
        Demilitarise the Rhineland, reduce army 100,000 men, prohibited of air force etc. War reparations ($526billionAUD) accept start of war
        
        The French had suffered great losses both in casualties and economically during World War I and wanted revenge and compensation for the damages permitted against their country. Clemenceau had the core ideological belief to weaken Germany so they would never be able to contribute to the manufacturing of weapons again. Contrary to this, President Wilson, wanted to achieve everlasting peace between the nations and believed by opposing strict jurisdictions on Germany would instead make them a prevalent enemy against them and may cause them .
      - The Great Depression
        
        The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialised Western world, sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions, macroeconomic policy, and economic theory. Although it originated in the United States, the Great Depression caused drastic declines in output, severe unemployment, and acute deflation in almost every country in the world. Its social and cultural effects were no less staggering, especially in the United States, where the Great Depression represented the harshest adversity faced by Americans since the Civil War.
- - - - The film, "Saving Private Ryan," was set during the invasion of Normandy in World War II and is praised for its graphic portrayal of war.
    - - Following the Allied invasion of Normandy, two brothers lay dead in the wake of the onslaught. Meanwhile, in New Guinea, a third brother has been killed fighting the Japanese. After the Army General Staff learns that a fourth brother is missing in the French countryside, a rescue mission is ordered to find the young soldier and return him safely home. The mission is mounted by a veteran Ranger Captain commanding a squad of men who have mixed feelings about risking their lives to "Save Private Ryan".
    - - The film, "Saving Private Ryan," was set during the events of "Operation Overlord" (Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II) that occurred from the 6th of June 1944-25th August 1944.
  - - - Roles of women
      - ½ geography skills
      - ½ history source analysis
    - - Message compare and contrast
      - Usefulness strengths and weaknesses
      - Roles of women (Before, during and after)
        
        Describe how they changed
        
        Use the sources to support your points
      - Historical context, background information (Details)
    - - 50 minutes
    - - Measuring distance using scale bar
      - Contour lines
      - Scale in words (represents, not equals)
      - Drawing cross sections
      - Direction (8-point compass)
      - Contour intervals
      - Physical vs cultural features on a map
      - Types of landforms
      - Grid reference (6 figure)
      - Climate change (Causes and effects)
      - Area reference (4 figure)
- - - - Perspectives
        
        Australian Soldier
        
        During the events of WWII, the Japanese neglected enemy Prisoner of War’s (POWs). Most notably, the Japanese made use of them for forced labour to construct the Burma Railway. However, the treatment whilst conducting this forced labour was inhospitable with the Japanese refusing to provide nourishment, shelter of which were basic human necessities. This mistreatment of enemy POWs can be clearly identified as on January 1945, 470 allied troops were forced to march, 260 kilometres to Ranau. During this incomprehensibly extensive march only 350 survived this ordeal as the Japanese would deprive them of essential nourishment and routine beatings, however this would be the first of many death marches of which would pursue.
        
        Japanese Soldier
        
        During the events of WWII, the Japanese honoured the captured enemy Prisoner of Wars (POWs) to die at the blade of a Japanese warrior in accordance to the Bushido code. It’s a primary foundation within the Japanese philosophy that there was no truer act than to die in battle and it was disgraceful to surrender. Many Japanese officers believed in the Bushido code of a Japanese warrior which states that prisoners were referred to as being disgraced and that it was within their own seldom compassion for those POWs to execute them honourably then for them to return dishonourably. The extent to this philosophy is visualised as Japanese did not recognise Australian nurses as military personnel and had denied them the rights given to other military prisoners, such as the Red Cross packages and the supplies needed to write home. Therefore, dependent on this philosophy they didn’t view the death of 2800 Australians as being dishonourable or as an atrocity but honouring them in a respectful sacrificial way then to let them live with the dishonour of surrendering. The actions of the Japanese were conducted with the intention to honour those who had surrendered to die at the blade of a Japanese warrior then to live in the dishonour of their own accords.
    - - The Geneva Conventions are international treaties that contain the most important rules limiting the brutality of war. They protect people who do not take part in the fighting (civilian, medics, aid workers) and those who can no longer fight (wounded, sick and shipwrecked troops, prisoners of war).
    - - If a soldier is captured alive during a battle, the enemy puts them in a POW camp until the war is over
      - 8 184 Australian soldiers were captured and imprisoned in German and Italian camps
      - 269 of these men died (3.28%)
      - Highest number of Australians POW’s in Pacific
      - 22 000 Australians captured by Japanese
      - 15 000 in Malaya and Singapore
      - By 1945, 8 000 had died (36%)
      - Japanese used them as forced labour to build Burma Railway (Thailand to Burma)
      - 13 000 Australians forced to work
      - 2 800 died of malnutrition, disease and beatings
      - Refused to follow the Geneva Convention
- - - - The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialised Western world, sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions, macroeconomic policy, and economic theory. Although it originated in the United States, the Great Depression caused drastic declines in output, severe unemployment, and acute deflation in almost every country in the world. Its social and cultural effects were no less staggering, especially in the United States, where the Great Depression represented the harshest adversity faced by Americans since the Civil War.
    - - Hitler attained power in March 1933, after the Reichstag adopted the Enabling Act of 1933 in that month, giving expanded authority. President Paul von Hindenburg had already appointed Hitler as Chancellor on 30 January 1933 after a series of parliamentary elections and associated backroom intrigues.
    - - In January 1919, after the atrocities that occurred after the World War I (WWI), there was great political unrest throughout Europe so the nation's leaders met at the Paris Peace Conference in France to discuss and debate a plan to restructuring Europe and ensure ongoing peace for future generations. The leaders of 32 countries attended the conference, however negotiations were predominantly ruled by the leaders of four major powers: British Prime Minister; David Lloyd George, French Prime Minister; Georges Clemenceau, American President; Woodrow Wilson and Italian Prime Minister, Vittorio Orlando.
      - The Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
        
        Demilitarise the Rhineland, reduce army 100,000 men, prohibited of air force etc. War reparations ($526billionAUD) accept start of war
      - The French had suffered great losses both in casualties and economically during World War I and wanted revenge and compensation for the damages permitted against their country. Clemenceau had the core ideological belief to weaken Germany so they would never be able to contribute to the manufacturing of weapons again. Contrary to this, President Wilson, wanted to achieve everlasting peace between the nations and believed by opposing strict jurisdictions on Germany would instead make them a prevalent enemy against them and may cause them .
    - - Appeasement is the action of proceeding with concessions to the dictatorial powers in desperation of avoiding conflict
      - Britain and France introduced the policy of appeasement because:
        
        They believed by providing Hitler’s demands would avoid the repeat of another major global conflict
        
        Neither France nor Britain could afford the quantitative expense to go to war as the economies were in great despair due to the Great Depression
        
        Numerous political figures believed that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh on Germany and some justified their military advancements to re-establish the political and economic integrity of Germany after the tragic events of WWI
      - The British and French response to Hitler’s military actions and advancements was to fundamentally tolerate the action, also referred as the policy of appeasement
      - In 1938, Hitler went a step further by annexing (administrating) Austria. In the same year, Hitler requested to obtain the Sudetenland region (part of the newly formed country of Czechoslovakia) be returned to Germany. Hitler justified this claim as there were mass amounts of ethnic Germans that resided in the region. In September 1938, representatives from Britain, France, Italy and Germany congregated in Munich to discuss the returning if the Sudetenland. The representatives of the countries complied with the request on the condition that Hitler agreed to discontinue any further advancements or claims over disputed territory. Neville Chamberlain, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, returned home declaring as he got off the plane, “Peace for our time.” Despite this arrangement, Germany invaded and occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939
      - After becoming chancellor of Germany in 1933, Hitler began to violate the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
        
        The reintroduction of conscription
        
        Re-established the Luftwaffe squadron (air force)
        
        He began increasing the size of the military
        
        Remilitarised the Rhineland, an area close to France's borders
      - However, Hitler had great hatred of the Polish corridor that separated Germany and his hatred of this corridor was unreleased on the 1st of September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland and the policy of appeasement was abandoned. Thus, the introduction of the second world war that would be more fatal than the first
- - - - Introduction
        
        Provide background information for the reader to understand the context
        
        Thesis statement
        
        Main overall points
        
        A thesis statement is one sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper or essay, such as an expository essay or argumentative essay. It makes a claim, directly answering a question
        
        Example
        
        Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches are the best types of sandwich because they are versatile, easy to make and taste good. In this persuasive thesis statement, you see that it's stated the author's opinion (the best type of sandwich), which means they have chose a stance for the research paper or essay
      - Body Paragraphs
        
        Content
        
        One full paragraph for each point
        
        Each paragraph discusses 1 point in detail
        
        New point- New paragraph
        
        Each paragraph flows from the previous one
        
        Outline
        
        Explanation
        
        Explains what you mean by the topic sentence
        
        Gives more detail about the idea
        
        What do you mean by that?
        
        Example/Evidence
        
        Proof/evidence from the text(quotes) and/or facts, statistics
        
        Supports the argument you have made
        
        What makes you say that?
        
        Topic Sentence
        
        Introduces the paragraph
        
        States the main idea of the paragraph
        
        Uses key words from the topic
        
        Link
        
        Explains how the example links to the main idea
        
        Closes the argument
        
        Why is all that important?
        
        May link to the next paragraph
      - Conclusion
        
        Describe how the main points in each paragraph are connected to each other
        
        Finish with comments on the significance of the topic being written about
        
        Sum up the main points in the essay (not any new ones)
- - - - Body Paragraphs
        
        Adolph Hitler's Ride to Power
        
        1929, the Great Depression Hitler offered convenient scapegoats and promise restore
        
        November 1932 the Nazi Party received 37.3% of votes (more than any other party)
        
        Attempted to seize power 1923 party banned Hitler treason popularity spread
        
        13th March Hitler ran for president 36% lost to decorated war hero General von Hindenburg (1847-2nd August 1934) demonstrate power
        
        Hitler joined (The National Socialist German Workers' Party) Nazis and elected chairman Jul 29, 1921
        
        January 30th, 1933, Hitler appointed Chancellor for Germany by Hindenburg’s advisors
        
        Seen as humiliation by nationalists/war could be won betrayed by politicians and protestors/views became obsession bigotry, paranoid delusions blame minority races)
        
        February 27th 1933 worker convict lighting fire parliament building/grant power by government implementing his beliefs
        
        Imperial parliament collapse/Major political parties establish the parliamentary Weimar republic to implement the Treaty of Versailles
        
        Appeasement
        
        1938 Hitler annexed Austria and same year request Sudetenland region of 4 million ethnic Germans
        
        September 1938 representative met at Munich on condition to discontinue advancement
        
        Introduce to provide Hitler demands avoid repeat of first war, couldn’t go to war economy in despair (The Great Depression) Treaty of Versailles too harsh
        
        Neville Chamberlain Prime Minister of UK “Peace for our time.”
        
        Appeasement is action of proceeding with concessions to dictator power desperation avoid war
        
        Germany invaded rest of Czechoslovakia March 1939
        
        Chancellor Hitler violate Treaty of Versailles, size of military, reintroduce conscription, re-establish Luftwaffe squadron and remilitarise Rhineland area French border
        
        Polish corridor
        
        Treaty of Versailles
        
        Demilitarise the Rhineland, reduce army 100,000 men, prohibited of air force etc. War reparations ($526billionAUD) accept start of war
        
        Inflation occurred: 1919=$1USD to 4.5 German marks, 1923=$1 to 4.2 trillion marks
        
        Signed 28th June 1919
        
        French occupied the Ruhr factories, economic output, 120 Germans killed
      - Conclusion
        
        Sum up all main points
      - Introduction
        
        War was declared when Germany invaded Poland
        
        75 million people died (25 million military personnel-40million civilians injured)
        
        1st September 1939-2nd September 1945
- - - - What jobs did they do?
        
        Receptionist
        
        Menial Jobs
        
        House Work
        
        Secretaries
      - Why?
        
        Before the events of WW2 many women typically partook in traditional roles such as cleaning as at the time if a woman were to do anything else they were met with immediate criticism and were ostracised by society to do stereotypical roles.
    - - What jobs did they do?
        
        250 women were allowed to join RAAF as radio operators
        
        Women’s Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) began 1941
        
        March 1941- August 1945: 27,000 women joined up
        
        By 1942: 500,000 women working for the war efforts
        
        Nurses on Front Lines
        
        Nurses were so close to the front line they had to have armed guards
        
        The battles moved fast, and the job was very dangerous
        
        2500 patients a month with severe injuries and very limited resources
        
        War Brides
        
        US soldiers, pilots and sailors were stationed in Australia
        
        Romances between them and Australian women were common
        
        Estimated 12,000 women became war brides
        
        Women in the Army and Navy
        
        31,000 women enlisted in Australian Women’s Army Service (AWAS)
        
        3122 women enlisted in Women’s Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS)
      - Why?
        
        World War II changed the lives of women and men in many ways. Wartime needs increased labor demands for both male and female workers, heightened domestic hardships and responsibilities, and intensified pressures for Americans to conform to social and cultural norms.
- - - - Measuring distance using scale bar
      - Contour lines
      - Scale in words (represents, not equals)
      - Drawing cross sections
      - Direction (8-point compass)
      - Contour intervals
      - Physical vs cultural features on a map
      - Types of landforms
      - Grid Reference (6 figure)
      - Climate change (Causes and effects)
      - Area Reference (4 figure)
    - - Message compare and contrast
      - Usefulness strengths and weaknesses
      - Roles of women (Before, during and after)
        
        Describe how they changed
        
        Use the sources to support your points
      - Historical context, background information (Details)
        
        Notes
        
        Explain the historical context of Source 3.
        
        Focus of Source
        
        Women are unable to perform the jobs for the war effort
        
        Cause or Events that led to this
        
        Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) established
        
        27 000 women enlisted
        
        Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS)
        
        31 000 women enlisted
        
        Maintenance and communication
        
        250 women were allowed to join the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) as radio operators
        
        Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS)
        
        Cooking, education, interpreting hand signals
        
        None were permitted to go overseas
        
        3 122 women enlisted
        
        1941 Former Prime Minister of Australia, Robert Menzies, was in Britain that women are capable in participating in the war efforts
        
        Nurses in the Front Lines
        
        The battles moved fast, and the job was very dangerous
        
        2 500 patients a month with sever injuries and very limited resources
        
        Nurses were so close to the front lines they had to have armed guards
        
        Start WWII 1st September 1939
        
        Source 3
        
        “The suggestion to form an army of women to do the hard work of farms is ridiculous. Our women are wonderful, but is it fair to ask them to shear or crutch sheep, to plough the land?”
        -The Argus, 1941
        
        Identify and account for the author’s perspective in Source 3 and Source 4 regarding the role of women.
        
        Perspective
        
        Source 3
        
        Against women working on the land
        
        Women not capable of contributing to the war
        
        Source 4
        
        Shows women in a positive light
        
        Women made sacrifices to contribute
        
        Explain It (Motive, Bias, Time, Purpose and Place)
        
        Source 3
        
        Conservative attitudes
        
        Against changes in society that could undermine traditional roles
        
        Catholic Newspaper
        
        Source 4
        
        Show the work women are doing
        
        Show their effort is worthwhile
        
        Female journalist 1941
        
        Counter any criticism or society sexism and show the sacrifices made
        
        Source 3
        
        “The suggestion to form an army of women to do the hard work of farms is ridiculous. Our women are wonderful, but is it fair to ask them to shear or crutch sheep, to plough the land?”- The Argus, 1941
        
        Source 4
        
        Evaluate the usefulness, in terms of strengths and weaknesses, of Source 1 and Source 2 as representations of the role of women?
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Source 1
        
        Equal pay?
        
        Suffer discrimination?
        
        Were they treated fairly?
        
        Number involved?
        
        Source 2
        
        How widespread were these attitudes?
        
        Did women suffer prejudice?
        
        Together
        
        Useful as it shows that not all supported the government push for change in society and their role in the war
        
        Strengths
        
        Source 1
        
        Women were in the armed forces in the war
        
        The government felt they were vital-recruitment poster
        
        Source 2
        
        Women in auxiliary roles
        
        Some people on Australia belittled the role of women or opposed it
        
        Evaluate the extent to which the four sources give an accurate insight into the changing role of women during World War 2.
        
        Two Main Ideas
        
        Idea 1
        
        Women were vital to the war effort
        
        1 more item...
        
        Idea 2
        
        Women's roles were insignificant and women faced sexist attitudes
        
        1 more item...
        
        Missing
        
        Numbers involved, equal treatment at work, view of wider public and long-term impact of this war work
        
        To do
        
        Support ideas from sources
        
        Things that are not in these four sources
        
        As a collection, these 4 sources show some of the major ideas around the changing roles of women during WWII with some limitations
        
        Start with ideas
        
        Compare and Contrast the messages of Source 1 and Source 2.
        
        The message of source 1 is women played a vital role in the war as large number of soldiers were sent overseas at the start of World War 2 (WW2) in 1939, the government needed women to cover those vital occupations or reserved occupations that were traditionally held by men.
        
        Similarities/Differences
        
        Women worked in military/government roles during WW2
        
        Women's work was regarded as being vital and needed
        
        Women's work was regarded as being menial and insignificant
        
        The message of source 2 is women participated in the war efforts as well, but their roles were considered as being quite insignificant and included many menial/auxiliary tasks in which was similar to that of housework. This is supported by the sarcastic and colloquial reference of the female cleaner stating, “I don’t think I could ever go back to housework after this!”
        
        Source 1
        
        Source 2
- - - - The sea opens to the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar, to the Black Sea through the Dardanelles, and to the Red Sea through the Suez Canal. Since antiquity, the Mediterranean has been an important waterway for trade and has fostered great civilisations on its shores.
    - - What?
        
        The supply of Axis troops on the Egyptian frontier could have been eased by sea transport to Tobruk. The siege of Tobruk was the first occasion in the war that German Panzer units had been stopped. Axis forces re-captured the port on 21 June 1942, after defeating the Eighth Army in the Battle of Gazala.
      - Why?
        
        The deserts of North Africa were an important battleground in World War II. Controlling North Africa would give the Allied forces a base from which to attack occupied Europe, across the Mediterranean. A number of British and Commonwealth troops remained in Libya, in the fortified port of Tobruk
    - - Why significant?
        
        In July 1942, Japanese forces landed on the northern coast of Papua. Their objective was to make their way overland along the Kokoda track and capture Port Moresby on the southern coast. This would give them control of Papua, and a base from which to attack the Australian mainland and shipping in the Pacific.
      - Conditions faced by soldiers
        
        The length of the Kokoda Track was not measured in distance, but in how many hours it took to traverse. Soldiers were challenged by steep, treacherous inclines, deep valleys, dense jungle, a debilitating climate and drenching rain that frequently turned the ground into quagmire.
      - What?
        
        The Kokoda Track campaign or Kokoda Trail campaign was part of the Pacific War of World War II. The campaign consisted of a series of battles fought between July and November 1942 in what was then the Australian Territory of Papua.
    - - Why did we do that excercise?
        
        We did the exercise of interpreting ourselves as being a soldier writing a letter home from our experiences of the Kokoda track to emphasise the conditions of which were endured by Australian soldiers and it allowed us to see it from their perspective.