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Self, Personality, and Gender - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Discover properties of their physical selves
      - Develop implicit sense of existential self
        
        Existential self :
        
        Realisation that the self is different from the world and others
        
        Develops at 2-3yo
        
        Awareness that they can act on other ppl and objects
    - - Joint attention
      - Realise that they do not always share the same perception
  - - - Before 15mo: no infant touches their nose
      - At 15mo: approx 20% touch their nose
      - By 24mo (2yo): 100% will touch their nose
  - - - Self-classification
      - Based on socially significant dimensions (e.g. gender, age)
      - 2.5-3yo: verbal proof of having a basic sense of gender identity
  - - - Temporoparietal region
    - - Siblings
      - Parent-child convos
    - - On individuality and autonomy
- - - - Nine Temperamental Dimensions
        
        Activity level
        
        Rhythmicity
        
        Distractibility
        
        Attention Span & Persistence
        
        Approach/Withdrawal
        
        Adaptability
        
        Intensity (of mood expression)
        
        Mood
        
        Threshold of responsiveness
      - Basic Clusters of Temperament Types
        
        Easy child (40%)
        
        Difficult child (10%)
        
        Slow-to-warm-up child (15%)
      - Sampson et al (2002)
        
        Too global ("difficult child")
        
        Adult adjustment has little to do w/ infant temperament
    - - Between child's temperament and the environment/conditions/demands they grow up in
      - Aus Temperament Project
        
        Influence of parenting style
  - - - Self-regulation of emotional arousal
      - Reactivity
    - - Surgency/Extroversion
      - Negative Affectivity
      - Effortful control
- - - - Self as object
      - Evaluative component of the self
    - - Factors of Self-Concept
        
        Structure/Organisation
        
        Valence/Accuracy
        
        Content
      - Multiple selves (prototypical 15yo)
  - - - Young children
        
        High self-esteem reflects their desires rather than true competencies
      - By 8yo
        
        Self-eval more consistent w/ objective indicators
        
        Social comparison
        
        Feedback
        
        Start forming the ideals self
      - Decrease in avg self-esteem at...
        
        9-12yo
        
        13-17yo
    - - Preschool children
        
        Competence
        
        Personal and Social adequacy
      - Mid-primary school
        
        Scholastic competence
        
        Social acceptance
        
        Behavioural conduct
        
        Athletic competence
        
        Physical appearance
    - - Baseline self-image
      - Barometric self-image
      - Tends to becoming increasingly more stable w/ age, except...
        
        Early adolescence- minor problems linked to pubertal changes
        
        12-14yo- fluctuations
    - - Increases in early adulthood
      - Peaks in 50s and 60s
      - Declines in late old age
      - 4 Key Factors that Help Maintain Self-Esteem
        
        Reducing gap b/n ideal and real self
        
        Adjusting goals and standard of self-evaluations
        
        Comparing self to other older adults
        
        Not internalising ageist stereotypes
- - - - Resolution: Formation of Ego Identity
        
        Vocational decision-making
        
        Adopting various ideological values
        
        A sense of sexual identity
      - Heterosexual friendships
      - Psych moratorium from adult commitment
    - - Psychosocial period of moratorium
      - Identity Crisis
    - - Early adulthood
        
        Intimate relationship w/ member of opp sex
        
        Accept adult role commitments (+ commitment to another person)
      - Middle Age
        
        Establishing and guiding future generation
        
        Productivity and creativity
        
        Generativity! (7th stage)
        
        Parenting/Teaching/Mentoring etc.
        
        Challenges negative images and stereotypes of ageing
        
        Vital for indiv and community wellbeing
        
        Beneficial to younger ppl
      - Old Age
        
        Reflective
        
        Reminiscence
        
        Integrity
        
        Life review
  - - - Occupation
      - Ideology
      - Interpersonal relations
    - - Commitment
      - Exploration
    - - Diffusion status
      - Moratorium
      - Foreclosure
      - Identity achievement/achieved identity status
  - - - Cognition
      - Feelings
      - Behaviours
    - - Self-Identification
      - Feelings of belonging and commitment
      - Cultural aspects of ethnicity
    - - Ethnic awareness
      - Ethnic self-identification
      - Ethnic attitudes and preferences
        
        Stereotypes
        
        Prejudice
    - - Multidimensional construct
        
        Umana Tayler et al.
        
        Process
        
        Content
      - A process- mechanisms of exploration
      - Phinney (1992)- Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure