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Stress and Sports - Part - I - Coggle Diagram
Stress and Sports - Part - I
Stress Model - Graham Jones & Hardy (1990)
Stress can affect performance, the way an athlete responds to the stress can affect it, and the management of the stress can negatively or positively affect the athlete’s stress level.
The stress response process (shown below) consists of five stages. Stage 1 is the environmental demand; stage 2 is the athlete’s perception of the environmental demand; stage 3 is the stress response to the environmental demand; stage 4 is the behavioral consequences of the stress response to the behavioral demand; stage 5 is the return to a homeostatic position.
Causes in Sporting Event
The importance of the event that the athlete/sportsperson is competing in
Level of uncertainty surrounding the event
Type of Stressors in Sports
Competitive Stressors
Training issues (change in set up/coach, training content, training practicalities)
Interpersonal conflict with teammates/coaches
Perceived lack of support from organization
Travel/accommodation issues
Organizational Stressors
Lifestyle issues/changes (alcohol, sleep)
Financial issues
Traumatic life events
Outside commitments (e.g. University degree for student-athletes)
Personal Stressors
Injury
Returning from injury
Pressures leading up to game day
Pressures to perform during a big game
The opposition
Competition for places
Issues with form and/or technique
Response to Stress
Somatic Anxiety Response
Muscular tension
Butterflies
Increased heart rate
Dry mouth
Perspiration
Cognitive Anxiety Response
Worries
Negative expectation
Performance apprehensions
Stress and Performance
Moderate
Eustress
Optimum Performance
High
Distress
Low
Calm
Effect of Stress on
Sporting Performance
Positively
Players will see this as an opportunity
to challenge themselves
This will increase the energy
and psychological motivation
This will increase his/her
overall performance
Negatively
Players will see this as threat
This will increase worry or anxiety
This will determine that they will under perform/their
performance will be negative
Stress Orders
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Depression
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Sign and Symptoms of
Stress and Sports
Ray and Weise-Bjornstal
(1999)
described seven categories in
which an athlete may experience stress
Affective
Behavioral
Biological/Physiological
Cognitive
Imaginal
Interpersonal
Sensory
Sign and Symptoms of
Stress in Sports
Affective Signs
Behavioral Signs
Biological/Psychological Signs
Cognitive Signs
Imaginal Signs
Impersonal Signs
Sensory Signs
Theories of Arousal in Sports
The Inverted U Hypothesis
The Drive Theory
The Reversal Theory
Catastrophe
Individualized zone of optimal functioning
Practice Specificity Based Model