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Chp 1: Coast - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 6-8/min
    - - 10-14/min
  - - - Corrosion
      - Attrition
      - Solution
      - Hydraulic action
  - - - Cliff and shore platform
      - Headlands and bays
      - Cave,arches,stacks
    - - Beaches
      - Spit and tombolos
- - - - Ca Mau,Vietnam
    - - Kukup,Malaysia
    - - Sentosa,Singapore
  - - - Average seawater salinity of 34-37 parts/thousand
      - Sufficient oxygen
      - Low sedimentation
      - Sea surface temp of more than 17-18 deg
      - Low turbidity
    - - Habitats for plants and animals
      - Absorb wave energy,reduce erosion
    - - Overcollection of corals
      - Dynamite blasting or cyanide use
      - Recreational use of coast
      - Coastal developments
      - Climate change
  - - - Between 23.5 N and S of the equator
      - Sheltered coastal regions
      - Large deposits of clay and silt
      - Tropical climate
    - - Saline environments
      - Muddy,waterlogged soil
      - High amount of sunlight and rainfall
    - - Leaves
        
        Broad
        
        Waxy, with drip trips
        
        Have salt secretors
        
        Salt secretors
        
        Ultra filtrators
      - Fruits
        
        Buoyant
        
        Sharp tip
      - Aerial roots
        
        Peg-like(Sunneratia)
        
        Pencil-like(Avicennia)
      - Anchor roots
        
        Prop-like(Rhizophora)
        
        Knee-like(Bruguiera)
    - - Stabilising shorelines
      - Absorb wave energy,reduce erosion
      - Breeding ground and habitat
      - Improves water quality
    - - Clearing for fuel and charcoal
      - Conversion to aquaculture use
      - Coastal developments
      - Rising sea level
- - - - Beach nourishment
        
        Silso,Palawan,Tanjong beach,Singapore
      - Planting vegetation and stabilising dunes with fences
      - Encouraging coral reef growth
        
        Since 1996,Maldives coral growing program
    - - Seawalls
        
        Drakes island,UK
      - Gabions
        
        East coast park,Singapore
      - Breakwaters
        
        Silso beach,Singapore
      - Groynes
        
        Sandy Hook,New Jersey,UH
      - Tetrapods
        
        Hong Kong and japan