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Medieval Technology, main knowledge issues: the Roman elite favoured doing…

- - - - shipping problem due to volume
    - - putting-out system
- - - - rotary grindstone: afilar las herramientas
        
        μανιβέλα
- - - - 1455 Gutenberg's Bible: "a technological advance which facilitated every technological advance that followed it"
        
        incunabula: 77% Latin, 45% religious, around 15-20M copies, 40.000 editions
  - - - iron-shooting artillery the future
        
        reinforced trend towars national armies (due to the cost)
        
        knight obsolete: musketeers cheaper and more flexible, chainmail and full armor disappears by XVI, uniformity is the new trend vs. feudal individualism in battle, castles obsolete
        
        big boom in engineering: Bellifortis and Tree of Battles
  - - - tilt hammer and rolling mill: nails!
        
        1500 iron production boom: 60.000t
  - - - new fortunes: Fuggers
  - - - main causes: religious fervor and gold "Religion supplied the pretext and gold the motive"
      - fishing cod!
- - - - merchant guilds and guilds for craftsmen (XII)
      - dyeing
    - - Theophilus Presbyter: De diversis artibus: metalworker, glassworker and painter
- - - - new ideas by Arabs (1st Crus): deep mottes, machicolations (matacán), arrow loops/firing windows
        
        wall fireplace (XII castles)
- - - - bricks (MES), little use of arch (Egypt), mainly post and lintel (GR, BAB), assembling columns out of stacks of drums (EG>GR), first use of metal members in construction at the Propylaea
        
        horse: little military use (lack of saddle and stirrups), problem of harness nulifies its load-baring capacity (the throat-and-girth made for oxen not applicable)
      - shipbuilding: "modern" Phoenician, navigation by sun, stars and dead reckoning
      - alphabet: parchment
    - - alchemy and astology (accurate knowledge required)
  - - - donkey- or slave-powered hourglass mill: grain grinding
      - screw press applied to grape and olive processing
      - metal processing: tempering (hardens the metal)
    - - pottery remains stagnant, but glassblowing (Syria, 100 CE)
    - - mortar used only in small-stones constructions, invention of waterproof and hydraulic concrete (dried underwater)
      - problem of abrasive action by currents on the bridge piles (scour)
      - generalization of inches, feet, miles, pounds and amphorae
      - interior stairway in multi-storied buildings, public baths ("hypocaust" borrowed from India)
      - roads
    - - long (galleys: oar propelled, little cargo space, war) vs. round (sails, deep, clumpsy, strong and durable, cargo)
        
        problem sailing against the wind (zigzags): lateen sail by 100 CE, limited use
    - - "barbs": rare layered iron blades, trousers!
- - - - now the walls are not needed as structural elements and can be covered by glass windows
        
        new glass-making techniques (XII) in areas with suitable forests (Normandy, Burg, Lorr, Flan)
  - - - cutwaters added downstream in order to avoid eddying (remolinos) and the subsquent scour