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Chemistry - 2020 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Acid are measured on the pH scale by there how easily they donate electrons. Substances closer to zero on the scale are more acidic and reactive as they can easily donate protons. The more reactive an acid is the more corrosive and dangerous it is.
        
        Acids are present
        food, drinks and as catalysts in reactions.
      - Bases are measured by how easily they receive protons. The closer the number is to 14 on the scale the more basic the substance is. High alkalinity is more reactive and thus dangerous as well as caustic
        
        Bases are used for cleaning in bleach, baking soda, drain cleaner and soap
      - Examples
        
        Farmed and extracted salt
        
        Natural Sea Salt
- - - - This reaction is one of the most common reactions and can usually be identified by if there is a single element participating in the reaction as a product or reactant.
    - - This reaction is applied in chemistry when creating new substances.
    - - This reaction is used in organic chemistry to efficiently synthesis compounds medicine and other chemicals cheaply.
    - - Combustion Reactions - A high energy exothermic reaction that occurs between a fuel and oxygen while emitting light and gas.
      - This reaction is predominantly used for generating heat or light and is easily performed although some combustion reactions are dangerous and have a negative effect on the environment.
    - - This reaction is generally inconvenient for storing chemicals as they break down although it does mean that earths elements can keep being replenished.
    - - The main application of this reaction is in metal work with uses in welding, acid digestion and extracting metals
  - - - Examples
        
        Ice with salt
        
        Ice
    - - Examples
- - - - Elements - Elements are the basic structure of every atom. Elements are the different atoms that vary in the amount of electrons and protons represented as the atomic number.
      - Periodicity- Is the study of trends and structure that is found on the periodic table.
        
        Basic Organisation Ther periodic table is sorted by properties through groups as columns and periods as rows. Using the structure of the periodic table you can use periodicity to calculate information about elements. For example you can discover ion charges and valence electrons through the order of the A group on the periodic table.
    - - Structures of Atoms - Different structures of atoms describe how the atom is represent and different structures differ in accuracy and simplicity.
      - Particles - In the atom thereare three types of particles electrons, protons and neutrons. Although there are other types of particle not present in the atom
        
        Electrons are particles with -1 charge that have a significantly less mass making there relative mass to charge significant.
        
        Protons are particles that have a relative charge of +1 and mass of 1. The amount of protons are equal to the atomic number on the periodic table.
      - Isotopes - Isotopes are elements that have a different due to a different amount neutrons. Nuetrons have nuetural charge so it does not change the overall charge of the atom.
        
        How are they formed? - Isotopes are either formed that way or they aquire nutrons via nuclear processes
  - - - Covalent Bonding refers do bonding with an equal share of charge in a molecule. There are two types of covalent bonds known as polar and nonpolar depending on there sharing of charge and the intermolcular/intramolecular bonds as well as electronegativity level .
        
        Polar bonds have slight difference in charge and have a slight attraction between electrons.
        
        Non-polar bonds have a distinctual equal sharing of charges between the components of the molecule.
      - Ionic Bonding is a type of bonding that is caused by a difference creating electrostatic attraction through electromagnetism. Ionic bonding is distinctively know for have an unequal sharing of charges.
    - - Density - Density describes how compact a substance is. Density is affected by the objects state of matter, pressure of surroundings, temperature and the geometry of the compound or element. Density = Mass / Volume or p = m/v.
        
        Examples
      - Compounds - A substance formed when different elements bond together.
      - Molecule - When two or more of any element bond to form a new substance. This can be between the same element.