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soviet union/USSR under stalin - Coggle Diagram
soviet union/USSR under stalin
industrialisation
causes/reasons
fear of invasion
socialism
USSR make industrial power (competition with west)
self sufficiency/autocy
increase grain supply
consolidate stalins power
improve living standards
force the collapse of private industry
great turn (1927)
ambitious targets- thought they could produce more iron than they actually could, focus on heavy industry, central planning commercial economy
1st 5 year plan (1928-1932
chaotic
done by heavy industry (80% of investment)
aimed to increase production 300%
uneven progress and production (material shortages, transport, lack of skilled workers, lack of effective training for workers, quality issues (tyres that dont last long)
mistakes blamed on bourgeois specialists (you can use show trials, can use dissidence as labour, shock brigades)
2nd 5-year plan (1933-1937)
detailed planning (targets at every level)
increase production of consumer goods (still lagging)
consolidation more reasonable targets
some problems of 1st year plan addressed (railways, training
increase of women in workforce
'three good years' (1934-36)
utilisation of projects from 1st plan
3rd 5-year plan (1938-41)
cut short by WW2
return to emphasis on heavy industry (armaments)
return to chaotic organisation
impacted by purges
results
marginal improvements in standard of living
'quicksand society'
industrial transformation and increase production
cult of stalin
man of the people and children
military leader
god like
successful with limitations
encouraged through propaganda, media, art etc, rewriting, history, terror
collectivisation (1927/1929-1939)
reasons:
grain procurement crisis, avoid requesitioning
efficiency- increase production
divert labour to industry
socialism of agriculture
ease of procuring grain
resisted by peasants- destroyed machinery and killed animals, riots
terror & propaganda
dekulukisation
effects
enormous drop in agricultural production, eventual increase
modernisation of agriculture
grain procured --> boost industry and export market
increase resistance from peasants --> loss of live stock
peasant control of villages broken, increased party of villages
famine
mass movement of peasants to industrial overseas
the great purges/terror (mid-late 1930's)
estimated deaths: 650 thousand-1.2 mill or more
non-violent chistlea of party (1932-1935
TP murder of Kirov (dec 1934)
Yezhovs china (1937-38)
height of terror
forced labour (gulag), executed, imprisonment, torture, interrogation
show trials
denouncement
targeting of minorities
NKVD order no 00447
foreign policy & WW2
1930s: increased involvement in foreign affairs
1938 Munich agreement USSR 'diplomatically isolated'
1939-40 winter war (Finland)- demonstrates lack of preparedness of red army- reform
1939: Nazi-Soviet Pact --> annexation of Boltic states and Poland
1941-1945 WW2 on eastern front
Jun 1941- operation Barbarossa (germany invades USSR)
disastrous 1st 6 months but counter-attack meant USSR reached winter
siege of Leningrad which lasts 1941-1944
1942-43 battle of Stalingrad
reasons for soviet victory
stalins leadership
economic mobilisation
German mistakes
patriotism- resilience of soviet people
propaganda
alliances
geography and weather
cultural revolution
alleged 'great retreat' to traditional values/conception of family
women in the workforce
abortion outlawed
divorce harder to obtain
education: return to a more traditional model
arts- socialist realism and increased control
intensified attack on religion (terror)
eased during WW2
limited success in creating 'new soviet man'
key people
stalin
Vesenkhat gosplan
NKVD- Yezhov, pagoda, Beria
war time leaders- Zhukov, Molotov, Vasilevsky, Rokossovsky