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Optics, Jesus E. Botello Bustamante #4 Gp 430 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Modern ideas of light
        
        Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
        
        Explained the photoelectric effect using Planck's quantum theory
        
        Max Planck (1858-1947)
        
        Proposed that thermal energy emitted by a body is presented in discrete packages called "quanta" which, in the particular case of light energy, are called photons
        
        Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894)
        
        Found that light, presents the phenomena of reflection, refraction, and diffraction.
        
        James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
        
        Demonstrated that light is an electromagnetic wave of high frequency that is displaced in a vacuum with the speed of 3X10*8 m/s, and that it can be considered as a combination of variable electric and magnetic fields, perpendicular to the speed of propagation of a wave and to each other.
        
        Jean Foucault (1791-1868)
        
        It showed that the speed of light through solids or liquids was slower than in air
        
        Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
        
        Its corpuscular theory of light could explain the phenomena related to reflection and refraction
        
        Thomas Young (1773-1829)
        
        Demonstrate that light had characteristics of superposition
        
        Christian Huygens (1629-1695)
        
        Formalized the wave theory of light which also demonstrate the laws of refrection and refraction
    - - Democritus (5th century BC)
        
        Light was composed of a large number of particles emitted by visible bodies
      - Descartes (1596-1650)
        
        Light was a pressure which was propogated in a dense universe full of particles, and it was perceived trough vibrations
      - Pythagoras (580-500 B.C.)
        
        Light emanates from luminous bodies in all directions, colliding with objects, bouncing and penetrating the eyes
      - Aristotle (384-322 B.C)
        
        Space was filled with with ether and an object was perceived by its motion; he also considered light as a type of pulsation in this ether
      - Epicurus of Samos (341-270 B.C.)
        
        Light was emitted in the form of rays which upon entering the eye stimulated the sense of sight
      - Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1517)
        
        First to describe it as a wave; waves of light were separated from a body spreading in circles to fill the space around them
- - - - Made the first attempts to experimentally measure the speed of light, he was able to confirm that light was transmitted instantly
    - - Was the first to estimate the speed of light by stdying one of the moons of Jupiter, based on the irregularities produced by eclipses of these moons
        
        Roemer calculated that the speed of light was: V=2.38X10*8m/s
  - - - He calculated that the velocity of light was 3.13X10*8m/s
        
        His experiment consisted of passing light between two of the cogs on the wheel, continuingits path towards the mirror and returning through the opening formed by teo other teeth knowing the distance between the wheel and the mirror, the number of cogs, on the wheel, and angular velocity, the velocity of light can be determined
    - - He calculated that the speed of light was 2.997925X10*8m/s
        
        Used the Foucault's method, who in 1850 perfected the apparatus developed by Fizeau, to replace the rotating cogwheel with a rotating mirror
- - - - Plane mirror
        
        A mirror in which is superfice its flat
        
        Its distance from the object is always the same as the distance from the image to the object
      - Spherical mirror
        
        Is formed by a section of a reflective sphere
        
        Concave mirror
        
        The surface of the inside part of a sphere is reflective
        
        Convex mirror
        
        The reflective surface of the outside part of a mirror is spherical
    - - Is determined by two or three particular rays
        
        Parallel ray
        
        It is reflected and passes through the focus of a concave mirror
        
        Focal ray
        
        Passes through the focus and is reflected parallel to the axis of the mirror
        
        Main ray
        
        It passes through the center of the curvature and is reflected along the lenght of the trajectory of the original ray
  - - - Type of lenses
        
        Converging lens
        
        Converges and refracts a parallel light at a focal point
        
        Diverging lens
        
        Refracts and diverges parallel light from a focal point located in front of the lens
- - - - n=Sinθi/Sinθrc
- - - - When the surface is smooth and reflects the rays of light received
    - - Ray of light that is repulsed by the miror
    - - Ray of light that reaches the mirror
    - - The ray of light that touches a surface with one angle of incidence, is reflected with one angle of reflection; this is known as the law of reflection
    - - When a ray of light touches an irregular surface and the light reflected is not well defined